Robber Barons Essay -- essays research papers

The Robber Barons, as they were called, were the kings of American Industry and American Society during the late 1800's and early 1900's. Rich beyond the average man's wildest dreams, these industrialists were often criticized for their philosophies and their ways of making money. Robber Barons can also be viewed as immoral, greedy, and corrupt, and the evidence to support such a view is not difficult to find. Bribery, illegal business practices, and cruelty to workers were not uncommon in this period, and many of the most respected industrialists were also the most feared and hated. Many people consider Rockefeller a robber of industry because of his forcible ways of gaining his monopolies. Rockefeller was fond of buying out small and large competitors. If the competitors refused to sell they often found Rockefeller cutting the prices of his Standard Oil or in the worst cases, their factories mysteriously blowing up. Rockefeller was obsessed with controlling the oil market and used many of undesirable tactics to flush his competitors out of the market. Rockefeller was also a master of the rebate game. He was one of the most dominant controllers of the railroads. He was so good at the rebate that at some times he skillfully commanded the rail road to pay rebates to his standard oil company on the traffic of other competitors. He was able to do this because his oil traffic was so high that he could make or break a section of a railroad a railroad company by simply not running...

Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games

Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games While watching the documentary â€Å"Digital Nation,† produced by Rachel Dretzin, I became interested by a section titled â€Å"The Army Experience Center. † The documentary shows clips of teenagers as young as thirteen playing violent videos games in an arcade run by the Army. The whole goal is to arouse these teenagers’ interest so they enlist. Having strong negative feelings towards war and teenage recruitment to begin with, I decided to research this subject further.Let me take you through my thought process while I struggle with the question; Is the Army Experience Center’s (AEC) use of war video games a moral way to recruit teenagers? My first source, a radio program titled â€Å"War Games Lure for ‘Real Thing† laid the background. Host Jacki Lyden explains how the AEC had closed on July 30, 2010 after being in a Philadelphia shopping mall. It was only open for two years in order to â€Å" determine the most effective tools for public outreach† (Army).The center’s spokesman, Captain John Kirchgessner, said the center was successful and had been a â€Å"better way to share our Army story than to simply smile and dial and ask somebody if they thought about joining lately† (War). Brian Lepley adds to this by saying, â€Å"We have got to reach them the way that they entertain themselves† (Joel). I found these statements to be true. After all, before building the AEC, the Army had shut down five recruiting offices nearby. With half the staff, the Army was able to recruit the same amount of people and still save money (War).This saving of money was good business practices and even benefits tax payers. My perception of the AEC was already looking better. Though Kirshgessner is confident that these recruits were aware of the difference between war and videogame, Staff Sergeant Jesse Hamilton has a different perspective. He worries that the use of vi deo games as a recruitment tool takes away from the reality of war. He goes on to say, â€Å"People screaming, blood, flies, horrible smells – the list goes on and on. And they’ve taken all of that out, and what they’ve effectively left is the portion which they consider to be the fun part† (War).Reading this statement reminded me of why I felt ashamed of the AEC to begin with. It gives kids, who don’t know any better, a false idea of all the different aspects of war. I found myself back to my initial, negative perception of the AEC. At this point, I knew I needed more first-hand information about the AEC. Keeping with radio programs, I stumbled across one hosted by Rebecca Roberts who goes into more detail about the center as she takes a tour. She describes it as â€Å"slick and gadget-heavy as an Apple store† (Army).There are two simulators: a Humvee and two Blackhawk helicopter, a career navigator, a global-base locator, and rows of Xbox game counsels. Everything is free, as long as you are thirteen or older. It seems so innocent, like a teenage boy’s dream come true. While thinking more about the nature of boys, I reminded myself that boys have been known through all generations to play war games. Weather it is Cowboys and Indians, Battleship, or the latest video game. It’s in their nature. The more I thought about violent video games, the more I accepted it as a modern day childhood game.Maybe the AEC is more innocent then I thought. Yet, even with an acceptance of violent videos games, I still had not applied that to the Army’s use of video games to persuade teenagers into war. Roberts mentions that some have criticized the AEC â€Å"for bait-and-switch tactics, masquerading as an arcade when it’s really an Army recruiting station† (Army). The Army calling itself an arcade when it’s really a recruitment center brings a whole new problem to the subject. The Army is not all owed to recruit teenagers who are underage.This makes the Army look untruthful. Though the AEC isn’t called a recruitment center, it is. They shut down those five nearby recruitment centers because they planned to recruit teenagers, instead, at the AEC. Staff denies that the AEC is a recruitment center, but then turn around and boast about how many kids they have recruited (War). Bill Deckhart describes it as, â€Å"The Army people would talk about it and say, ‘Oh it's not a recruiting center,’ [and] at the end of their statement, they would talk about how recruiting was doing.To me, it was very dishonest† (Joel). The dishonesty of the Army became my major turnoff. After all, if the Army was not doing anything wrong then why would they have to lie? In â€Å"Playing War,† Ian Graham and Ronald Shaw argue for a more innocent view of war video games. Their term ‘transitional space’ (790) for video games suggests that they are used to help ready soldiers and recruit new ones (796). Video games, in Graham and Shaw’s minds, are purely tools to help soldiers experience war and help civilians understand it.The Army Experience Center’s use of video games is not a new concept in American Army history. In fact, the Army’s use of digital media dates all the back to the 1970s and from 1996 when the video game Doom II: Hell on Earth came out for training purposes (794). I asked myself, â€Å"Why was there so much controversy over the AEC when the Army has been using video games for years? † Perhaps it has something to do with all the negative science floating around out, claiming violent video games have disastrous effects on young minds. I decided to research this further in my forth source.In the presence of so many studies about the correlation between video games and violent behavior, Author Christopher Ferguson begs to differ. He claims that â€Å"measures used in video game studies claiming to represent ‘aggression’ in fact don’t correlate will with actual real-life aggressive acts or violent behaviors† (79). This is clear and can be proven by the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen (Ulanoff). Being intrigued by this new idea that violent video games are safe for society, I ventured on with my research.Lance Ulanoff has a son who loves video games, especially violent ones. He has seen no difference in his son’s behavior since he has started playing video games and trusts that his son knows fact from fiction. When talking about today’s youth, Ulanoff says, â€Å"when they turn off those games, they go back to being the same teen they were before they turned it on† (Ulanoff). In his writing, Ulanoff stresses that parents should be responsible over what their kids do. This made me realize something so basic about the fight against the AEC. If parents donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t like it, then they have the right to tell their kids not to go.If parents are concerned their kid is too naive about the dangers of war, they can educate their kids. If a child enlists in the Army because they developed a false sense of war from playing video games at the AEC, whose fault is that? At this point of my research, I now believed that this is the parent’s responsibility, not the Army’s. In the article titled â€Å"I Wish I were a Warrior,† authors Konijam, Bijvank, and Bushman state that video games are harmful to adolescence boy minds. They are too influential to have role models who â€Å"show no remorse for their aggressive actions, and are rarely punished for behaving aggressively† (Konijam).The authors, also, relates lower education with vulnerability, which made me come to my own explanation as to why there are disproportionately more African Americans in the Army. In many ways, this article is true. We should be mindful of the effects that violent media has on us. Maybe we won’t go out killing people, but we are becoming less sensitive of the horrors of war because of it. A life is too precious to take a chance. While on the subject of desensitization, I came across an article published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. The issue of war video games and desensitization took a spin.The authors admit that video games blur the lines between reality and fiction, and that this can be bad for children civilians. Yet, while reading, I realized not all desensitization was bad. The article points out that just as medical students need to be desensitized from blood, so do soldiers when it comes to killing and facing tragedy (Carnagey 490). The video games are the bridge between civilian and soldier life and troops benefit from that slow transition into war that video games provide. After reading this article, I had a completely new perspective on what desensitization is.Yet, this article conti nues to say that desensitization, while good for people planning to go into war, isn’t good for the regular, thirteen year old civilian. Though this article had valid points, the average kid visiting the AEC wouldn’t benefit from desensitization. With my views about the AEC going back and forth between good and bad, I continued to research on. I came to the article â€Å"Conflict of Interest,† written by Lev Grossman and Evan Narcisse. The article describes our nation’s high demand for video games. It, also, describes the realness so many of today’s games have.Talk about video game’s strong influence on our society had me thinking. We have seen people try to reenact graphic movies such as the â€Å"Dark Knight† movie theater shooting in Colorado, but we have never seen such reenactments based off of video games. If video games are so influential and detrimental, there are no facts to proof it. I began to think that the AEC’s us e of video games wasn’t really that big of a deal. As I read on, I found a quote by Hirshberg that reads, â€Å"I think there will be a time when we look back and find it quaint that video games were so controversial† (Grossman).By this time in my research, this quote summed up my thinking, though I still was uncertain about where I stood on the issue of the AEC. My last source was an interview with a World War II veteran, Rudy White. The moment I mentioned video games with recruitment he shook his head and said â€Å"no† (White). White reiterated my very first thoughts about how videogames the AEC desensitized people and put falsehoods into the realities of war. He said there are no consequences to face in games, while real war is filled with consequences. White gives an example that a man killed is a son, a brother, and father, and a friend who is now dead forever.There is no reset button in real life (White). After hearing White, I felt that all the research I did trying to justify the AEC was almost useless. I realized that it was better to trust my instincts that said war video games have their place in society, but not in Army recruitment. Through all my research, I have had a lot of mixed feelings. My initial thinking was that the AEC’s use of video games as a recruitment tool was destructive. It was a dishonest tools used by the Army that gives a false idea about war. It, also, desensitizes kids to the horrors and consequences of war.Yet through my research, I have seen valid counter argument to my own thinking. Some of these arguments are really quite simple, like the Army is just trying to connect with what kids like to do. Others are that the AEC gives people a more well-rounded idea of the Army than if they were playing the same video games alone in their rooms. Through it all, my final perception of the AEC came after talking to veteran Rudy White. I realized that there are many good things about the AEC, but the negati ves outweigh them all. War is too serious to be a game and thirteen is too young to recruit.The AEC and its use of violent video games is not a moral way to recruit teens to the Army. Works Cited â€Å"Army Complex – Arcade Or Recruiting Center? † Weekend All Things Considered 17 Jan. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Carnagey, Nicholas L. , Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"The Effects of Video Games Violence on Physiological Desensitization on Real-Life Violence. † Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43. 3 (2006): 489-496. Print. Ferguson, Christopher J. â€Å"Blazing Angels Or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be A Force For Good?. † Review Of General Psychology 14. (2010): 68-81. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Graham, Ian, and Ronald Shaw. â€Å"Playing War. † Social and Cultural Geography 11. 8 (2010): 789, 803. Print. Grossman, Lev, and Evan Narcisse. â€Å"Conflict Of Interest. † Ti me 178. 17 (2011): 70-75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Joel, R. (2012). The Army Experience Center. On Marketplace [Record]. Philadelphia: American Public Media Konijn, Elly A. , Marije Nije Bijvank, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"I Wish I Were A Warrior: The Role Of Wishful Identification In The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggression In Adolescent Boys. Developmental Psychology 43. 4 (2007): 1038-1044. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Swanson, David. â€Å"The Army Experience Center's Bad Experience: Turns Out Training Kids To Kill Not Popular With Public. † Humanist 69. 6 (2009): 5. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Ulanoff, Lance. â€Å"Violent Video Games: Our Responsibility, Not The Courts. † PC Magazine 29. 12 (2010): 1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. â€Å"War Games Lure Recruits For ‘Real Thing’† Weekend Edition 31, Jul. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. White, Rudy. Personal interview. 31 Oct. 2012.

Double Replacement Reaction Definition

A double replacement reaction is a chemical reaction where two reactant ionic compounds exchange ions to form two new product compounds with the same ions. Key Takeaways: Double Replacement Reaction A double replacement reaction is a type of chemical reaction that occurs when two reactants exchange cations or anions to yield two new products.Double replacement reactions are also called double replacement reactions, double displacement reactions, or metathesis reactions.Neutralization, precipitation, and gas formation are types of double replacement reactions. Double replacement reactions take the form: AB- CD- → AD- CB- In this type of reaction, the positive-charged cations and the negative-charged anions of the reactants both trade places (double displacement), to form two new products. Also Known As:  Other names for a double displacement reaction are a metathesis reaction or a double replacement reaction. Examples of Double Replacement Reactions The reaction: AgNO3 NaCl → AgCl NaNO3 is a double replacement reaction. The silver traded its nitrite ion for the sodiums chloride ion. Another example is the reaction between sodium sulfide and hydrochloric acid to form sodium chloride and hydrogen sulfide: Na2S HCl → NaCl H2S Types of Double Displacement Reactions There are three classes of metathesis reactions: neutralization, precipitation, and gas formation reactions. Neutralization Reaction - A neutralization reaction is an acid-base reaction which yields a solution with a neutral pH. Precipitation Reaction - Two compounds react to for a solid product called a precipitate. The precipitate is either slightly soluble or else insoluble in water.   Gas Formation - A gas formation reaction is one which yields a gas as a product. The example given earlier, in which hydrogen sulfide was produced, was a gas formation reaction.

What Makes A Successful Person Successful - 1313 Words

What makes a successful person successful and why? How can we evolve these skills if there are any and teach it to other kids? Angela Lee Duckworth, a Ph.D. psychologist, professor and researcher at the University of Pennsylvania, did studies in Neuroanatomy, brain physiology and cognitive development. Surprisingly, the studies have shown that it was not a person’s IQ, social intelligence, talent, or physical health that drove his/her academic or professional success. Dr. Duckworth, claims, â€Å"It was grit.† According to the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, grit is â€Å"Perseverance and passion for long-term goals; grit entails working strenuously toward challenges, maintaining effort and interest over years despite failure, adversity, and plateaus in progress† (Duckworth, Peterson, Matthews, Kelly, 2007, p. 1088). Which means people with grit have a long-term goal that no matter what, despite obstacles and failures they are always motivated and working hard to achieve their goals. Duckworth also mentioned that in order to build grit in kids first we need to teach them about the brain development and plasticity which creates a growth mindset in them. Dr. Duckworth explains in her speech, that growth mindset is, â€Å"The belief that the ability to learn is not fixed, that it can be changed with your effort.† This idea was proposed by Carol S. Dweck, a psychologist professor and researcher at Stanford University. Students should adopt a growth mindset to be gritty,Show MoreRelatedWhat Makes A Successful Person?885 Words   |  4 Pagesgoal. A person who takes on a leadership role is charismatic and is open to other people’s opinions. When a leader sees a situation unfit, he is not going to bark orders around, but is going to work with the team to efficiently complete the task. Taking on a leadership role means you don’t mind being accountable for whatever may go wrong. You show no fear and is always one step ahead. You identify you and your team’s strengths and weaknesses to best come up with a plan to be successful. LeadershipRead MoreEssay On Happiness And Success864 Words   |  4 PagesAlt hough happiness is not merely associated with success, truly successful individuals first find happiness and passion for their life and career. Being successful does not necessarily mean that one has saved a lot of money or lives a luxurious life. It may mean that one has talented children, good spouse, attained high academic performance, has promising career, for example. 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The Country Of Israel - 1177 Words

Israel is a small country that is located in the Middle East. Surrounding borders include; Jordan, Syria, Palestinian Authority, Lebanon, and Egypt. Most of the population that is currently living there lives on the narrow coastal plain near the Mediterranean Sea to the west (kids.nationalgeographic.com). The coastal plain is parallel to the Mediterranean and is composed of a sandy shoreline bordered by fertile farmland. It also includes major urban centers, deep-water harbors, most of the country’s industry, and a large part of its tourist and agricultural facilities. The total area of Israel is 8,630 sq. miles so due to the small area, mountains, plains, fertile land, and deserts are often minutes apart. The Negev Desert located in†¦show more content†¦Extreme weather includes occasional snowfall and hot and dry winds. Overall the weather ranges from temperate to tropical with plenty of sunshine. Rainfall is heavy in the North and dry summer seasons last for six mon ths (mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/land). Israel is the ancient homeland to many Jews. More than six million people live here but most of them are Jewish. Judaism is one of the worlds’ oldest religions. Arabs also live here and most are Muslim. Israel mostly uses the two main languages, hebrew and Arabic. Traditions of Israel date back to the settlements of the Muslim, Ethiopian, Orthodox, and other Christian communities. Strong families and immense patriotism ties in as well. Israel’s diverse culture is from the diversity of the population. Jews all around the world have brought their cultural and religious tradition with them. Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the hebrew calendar and the official day of rest is Saturday, the Jewish Sabbath. Israel’s Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture. Music from all traditions is major cultural aspect. 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Music Concert Report Essay Example For Students

Music Concert Report Essay The meter was % and the dynamic was mezzo forte. Following Passions, Elizabeth Whimper, a soprano, performed Somebody, Somewhere from The Most Happy Fell by Frank Lesser of the 20th century. This piece had a melody and a meter of 4/4. There was sonata and the piece was pianissimo due to its softness. The third performance was by Fawn Augusta on the piccolo, and Attacks Gewgaw on the piano. They performed Concerto for Piccolo and Orchestra, Pop, 50: l. Andante Common composed by Lowell Liebermann in the 20th century. There was a harmony and a theme. There was also a meter of 2/4 and he piece was fortissimo. The next piece was a piece from Paul Read, called Suite from the Victorian Kitchen; l. Prelude. This was written in the 20th century and had a meter of 2/4. I found this piece to be pianissimo for its soft sounds. As well as having a harmony and variation. The fifth performance was by Strains Alienable; she performed Wedding Day at Dreadnought, by Depraved Grief on the piano. This piece is from the Romantic period. It was written in 1896 as a memorial of the 25th wedding anniversary of Grief and his wife. Depraved was a Norwegian composer and a pianist. The dynamics of this piece is mezzo piano. I found this piece to be mezzo piano due to its moderate softness. The meter seemed to be %, and it had a melody. I distinguished the form as variation. The sixth piece performed was Gig IL sole deal Gang performed by Franà §ois Begging on the bass, and Dry. Maria Asterisked on the piano. The composer of this piece is Alexandra Scarlatti. It was written in the Baroque period. Scarlatti was an Italian Baroque composer; he was famous for his operas and chamber cantatas. The dynamic of this piece was mezzo forte. This is because of its moderate loudness. I found the meter to be 4/4, as well as an absent form. The next performer was Alexander A. Costa playing the trombone, with Attacks Gewgaw on the piano. Together they performed Concerto for Trombone: l. Allegro vice, and II. Andante cantabile. This piece is from the Romantic period and was composed by the Russian composer, Nikolas Rims Karaoke. The dynamics was mezzo piano, with a meter of%. There was a harmony, and the piece was in the form of sonata. The eighth performer was Cattily Tougher on the tenor saxophone, and Attacks Gewgaw on the piano. They performed Contest Caprice composed by Leroy Astronomy. This piece is from the 20th Century. This piece had a 4/4 meter and had a Music Concert Report By Nolan slight theme to the piece as well. Next, Ben Holland (flute), and Attacks Gewgaw (piano) performed Andante in C Major for Flute and Piano. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart composed this piece in the Classical period. This piece contained a melody and harmony, as well as variations. There was a meter of 2/4 and had dynamics of mezzo piano. The tenth performance was How Could I Ever Know? From The Secret Garden. This piece was composed by Lucy Simon in the 20th Century and performed at KICK by Rehab Roth (soprano), and Dry. Maria Associates (piano). This piece is. I distinguished the dynamics as mezzo forte, with a 2/4 meter. There was melody and harmony in this piece, along with sonata. For the next piece, Eric Papa on the clarinet, and Astute Gewgaw on the piano performed Cantonment. Gabriel Pierre composed this piece in the Romantic period. There was a melody and theme, along with the dynamics of forte, and a % meter. Laura Carelessly performed the twelfth piece on the flute. She performed Partial in A Minor; Bourne Angles. Johann Sebastian Bach composed this piece in the Classical period. .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .postImageUrl , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:hover , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:visited , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:active { border:0!important; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:active , .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u192ce8ddb73ce0d4036b08570f1c24bb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Javanese Gamelan music EssayThere was a meter of 4/4, as well as the dynamics of mezzo forte. A melody was present along with sonata and theme. Last but not least, Colic Sector brought down the house on the piano with his performance of FRR ©d ©rich Chopping Revolutionary Etude. Chopin composed this piece in the Romantic era. It had a melody and sonata. The meter is 4/4 and I distinguished the dynamic as forte. In conclusion, the Student Recital Ill at Kowtows University was an enjoyable evening full of great music along with intellectually stimulating experiences of music that I would not have listened to if not for this assignment.

Politics Essay Example

Politics Essay Political Science is the systematic study of the state and government. The word political is derived from the Greek polis, meaning a city, of what today would be equivalent of sovereign state. Science comes from the Latin score, to know Scope of Political Science: 1 _ Political theory 2. Public Law 3. Public Administration Political Theory It refers to the inure body of doctrines relating to the rolling, form, behavior, and purposes of the state are dealt with the study of political theory. Public Law the (a) organization of governments, (b) the limitations upon government authority, (c) the powers and duties of governmental offices and officers, and (d) the obligations of one state to another are handled In the study of public law. Private Laws are the one which govern the relations among individuals, public law is so specialized that separate courses offered in each of its subdivisions, namely: (a) constitutional law, (b) administrative law, and (c) international Law. Public Administration attention Is focused upon methods and techniques used branches of government. N. B, today, legislative bodies have been forced to delegate greater discretion to executive officers responsible for the conduct of government policies and powers. Thus we find many administrative agencies exercising quasi-legislative and quasi- judicial powers. Interrelationship of Political Science with other branches of learning: History History is past politics and politics is present history. Political Scientist adopts a historical approach and employs knowledge of the past when he seeks to interpret present and probable developments in political phenomena. 2. Economics Refers to the study of production, distribution, and conservation, and consumption of wealth. Political Scientist adopts an economic approach when seeking to interpret matters like public financial policies and government regulation of business. 3. Geography Geopolitics We will write a custom essay sample on Politics specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Politics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Politics specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It is concerned with the study of the influences of physical factors such as population pressures, sources of raw materials, geography, etc. Upon domestic and foreign politics. 4. Sociology anthropology It is deeply concerned with the origins and nature of social control and governmental authority, with the abiding influences of race and culture upon society, with the patterns of collective human behavior. 5. Psychology It promotes studies of the mental and emotional processes motivating the political behavior of individuals and groups. Particular topics under this are: public pinion, pressure groups, and propaganda. 6. Philosophy in academic philosophy and also to the political scientist. 7. Statistics and Logic Political theorist must have abroad background knowledge of current political problems and he must employ scientific methods in gathering and evaluating the data in drawing conclusions. 8. Jurisprudence This branch of public law is concerned with the analysis of existing legal systems also with the ethical, historical, sociological, psychological foundations of law. Concepts of State Meaning of the State State is a community of persons more or less numerous, permanently occupying a definite portion of territory, having a government of their own to which the great body of inhabitants render obedience, and enjoying freedom from external control. Elements of State: 1. People 2. Territory 3. Government 4. Sovereignty 5. Recognition This refers to the mass of population living within the state. There is no requirement as to the number of people that should compose a state. But it should be neither too small nor too large: small enough to be well-governed and large enough to be self-sufficing. The smallest state is Vatican. China has the largest population. 2. Territory Components of Territory: . Terrestrial/land mass 3. Fluvial 4. Maritime Domain The smallest state is Vatican State with an area of 0. 43 square kilometers. It would fit in Racial Park in Manila. The biggest state is Canada with an area of 3,852,000 square miles which covers a surface nearly as large as Europe. The Philippines has a total land area of about 115,707 square miles . It refers to the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out. It is the supreme power of the state to command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its Jurisdiction, and to have freedom from foreign control. Two manifestations of Sovereignty: 1. Internal or the power of the state to rule within its territory; 2. External or the freedom of the state to carry out its activities without subjection or control by other states. External sovereignty is often referred to as independence. N. B these internal and external aspects of sovereignty are not absolutely true in practice because of the development of international relations and consequently international law. . Legal sovereignty is the possession of unlimited power to make laws. It is the authority by which law has the power to issue commands. 2. Political sovereignty is the sum total of all the influences in a state which lie behind the law. It is roughly defined as the power of the people. What is emporium? Dominion? Secure obedience thereto, maintain peace and order within its territorial limits, defend the State against foreign invasion, and do any other act of government over its people and territory. Dominion refers to the independent proprietary right of possession, use, conservation, disposition or sale, and control by the State over its territorial lands. How do you treat the Claim of the Philips. Over Saba? Is it emporium or dominion? Answer: It is both emporium and dominion. We seek to own exclusively Saba and in so owning, we have to exercise our sovereignty to govern the same. Characteristics of Sovereignty Permanence; Exclusivity; Comprehensiveness; Absoluteness; Individuality; Inalienability; and Impressibility Permanence means it exist in the same form forever or for a very long time. Exclusivity means it is limited to a group of people. Comprehensiveness means including everything, so as to be complete comprehensive knowledge of the subject. Absoluteness means possessing unlimited power: having total power and authority. Individuality means the state or condition of being separate from others. Inalienability means it is impossible to take away or not able to be transferred or taken away, e. G. Because of being protected by law. Impressibility it means not to be taken away or impossible to remove or violate the peoples imperceptible rights. Governance manner of government: the system or manner of government; 2. Tate of governing a place: the act or state of governing a place; 3. Authority: control or authority It means the management of the affairs of a business, organization, or institution. GOVERNMENT Forms of Government: The principal forms are the following: 1 . As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers; 2. As to extent of powers exercised by the cen tral or national government; 3. As to relationship between the executive and the legislative branches of the government; 4. As to source of power or authority: 1 . As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers: A. Government by one AY) Monarchy or one in which the supreme and final authority is in the hands of a single person without regard to the source of his election or the nature or duration of his tenure. Monarchies are further classified into: Monarchy, form of government in which one person has the hereditary right to rule as head of state during his or her lifetime; the term is also applied to the state so governed. Monarchs include such rulers as kings and queens, emperors and empresses, tsars, and Kaisers. Two types of Monarchical government: 1 . Absolute Monarchy or one in which the ruler rules by divine right; and 2. Limited monarchy or one in which the ruler rules in accordance with a constitution. The power of the monarch varies from absolute to very limited; the latter is AAA Authoritarian or one in which the supreme power of the dictator whose power is usually through force. 1 . Strict and demanding obedience: favoring strict rules and established authority; 2. Demanding political obedience: belonging to or believing in a political system in which obedience to the ruling person or group is strongly enforced. B. Government by few Bal Aristocracy or one in which political power is exercised by few privileged class. . People of highest social class: people of noble families or the highest social class 2. Superior group: a group believed to be superior to all others of the same kind 3. Overspent by elite: government of a country by a small group of people, especially a hereditary nobility 4. State run by elite: a state governed by an aristocracy. 82 Oligarchy 1 . Small governing group: a small gr oup of people who together govern a nation or control an organization, often for their own purposes; 2. Entity ruled by oligarchy: a nation governed or an organization controlled by an oligarchy; 3. Overspent by small group: government or control by a small group of people. Sources of their power: By births. By wealthy. By wisdom In an aristocracy, although the power of government is wielded by a few, hermetically the administration of government is carried on for the welfare of the many. Whenever the interests of the people as a whole are made subservient to the selfish interests of the rulers, aristocracy becomes a form of government known as oligarchy. CLC Democracy or one in which political power is exercised by the majority of the people. It is further classified into: CLC . Direct or pure democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately through the people in a mass meeting or primary assembly rather than through the medium of representatives chosen by the people o act for them. CLC . 2 Indirect, representative or republican democracy or one in which the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen by the people to act as their representatives. 2. As to extent of powers exercised by the central or national government: A. Unitary government or one in which the control of national and local affairs is exercised by the national government; B. Federal government or one in which the powers of government are divided between two sets of organs, one for national affairs and the other for local affairs, ACH organ being supreme within its own sphere. Didst. Bet. Federal Unitary Covet Federal states, such as the U. S. And Switzerland, comprise unions of states in which the authority of the central or national government is constitutionally limited by the legally established powers of the constituent subdivisions. In unitary states, such as the United Kingdom and Belgium, the constituent subdivisions of the state are subordinate to the authority of the national government. Countries with federal political systems have both a central government and overspent based in smaller political units, usually called states, provinces, or territories. These smaller political units surrender some of their political power to the central government, relying on it to act for the common good. In a federal system, laws are made both by state, provincial, or territorial governments and by a central government. In the United States, for example, people who live in the state of Ohio must obey the laws made by the Ohio legislature and the Congress of the United States. Federal political systems divide power and resources between central and Central governments decide issues that concern the whole country, such as organizing an army, building major roads, and making treaties with other countries. In unitary systems, with laws giving virtually all authority to the central government. The central government may delegate duties to cities or other administrative units, but it retains final authority and can retract any tasks it has delegated. The central government in a unitary system is much more powerful than the central government in a federal system. Government: A. Parliamentary government or cabinet gobo. Is one in which the executive and selective branch of the government are dependent or executive branch is part of the legislative branch. B. Presidential government or one in which the state makes the executive independent from the legislative. Distinctions bet. Presidential Parliamentary In parliamentary governments, of which the United Kingdom, India, and Canada are examples, the executive branch is subordinate to the legislature. In presidential governments, such as in the U. S. , the executive is independent of the legislature, although many of the executives actions are subject to legislative review. A. De facto is one not so constituted or founded with the existing constitution but has the general support of the people and has effective control of the territory over which it exercises its powers. B. De Cure is one which is constituted or founded in accordance with the existing constitution of the state but has no control of the territory. C. Hereditary Elective Checks and Balances, the doctrine and practice of dispersing political power and creating mutual accountability among political entities such as the courts, the president or prime minister, the legislature, and the citizens. The first check comes from the fact that different branches of the government have overlapping authority, so each branch can act as a limit on the other. For example, the president can veto an act of Congress. A two-thirds majority in Congress can then override the presidents veto. The president appoints major federal officials, but only if the Senate by majority vote agrees. Separation of Powers, the doctrine and practice of dividing the powers of a government among different branches to guard against abuse of authority. A government of separated powers assigns different political and legal powers o the legislative, executive, and Judicial branches. The legislative branch has the power to make laws. The executive branch has the authority to administer the law†primarily by bringing lawbreakers to trial†and to appoint officials and oversee the administration of government responsibilities. The Judicial branch has the power to try cases brought to court and to interpret the meaning of laws under which the trials are conducted. A government of separated powers is less likely to be tyrannical and more likely to follow the rule of law: the principle that government action must be constrained by saws. A separation of powers can also make a political system more democratic by making it more difficult for a single ruler, such as a monarch or a president, to become dictatorial. The division of powers also prevents one branch of government from dominating the others or dictating the laws to the public. Most democratic systems have some degree of separation of powers. POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES Liberalism, attitude, philosophy, or movement that has as its basic concern the development of personal freedom and social progress. The course of liberalism in a given country is usually conditioned by the character