Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review Free Essays

string(134) circumstances to give a correlation of the physical and mental contrasts among the different factions of people living in Mumbai. Dhobighat and Kahaani Film surveys [Student Name] [Course Title] [Course Supervisor] Film audits Introduction: The Indian film industry has never been well known for its specialty films. Workmanship films in Indian films for the most part attempt to depict a specific part of the Indian culture and standard. These motion pictures evade all the marvelousness and allure regularly found in Indian motion pictures. We will compose a custom exposition test on Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now No glamour or style ordinarily confines these motion pictures to a low financial plan nor are these motion pictures ready to draw in an enormous number of crowd to the film. Executives that normally make such motion pictures attempt to get a point across to the crowd utilizing the film screen to depict their perspective on a specific issue inside the network. Dhobighat The film begins indicating Arun (Amir Khan) moving into a pitiful loft in an old region of Mumbai. The film delineates Arun as a craftsman who meets Shia (Monica Dogra) an American venture broker at one of his presentations. The two fall for one another and wind up going through the night together. Shai expects Arun would focus on their recently discovered relationship however rather Arun clarifies that he isn't keen on a drawn out relationship and their night together was simply a single night rendezvous. Shai furious at Arun’s demeanor leaves the loft (Gurbaxani, 2011). This scene portrays a social pattern that has extraordinarily affected the cutting edge Indian culture. Indian ladies are known to be moderate. They are prohibited to have pre-marriage sexual connections. Anyway affected by western culture, an ever increasing number of Indian ladies have been taking part in pre-marriage sex (Dhawan Kurup, 2006). Going through the night with Arun features the western impact that has been a piece of the Indian culture for a long while now. Though blowing up at Arun for his absence of responsibility depicts the traditionalist Indian side that has been a custom with in the Indian culture. Munna (Prateik Babbar) is the clothing kid for Shai and Arun. Munna tries to turn into a well known entertainer. Munna has a sibling who has connections to the black market and his sibling attempts to utilize his connections inside the business to attempt to get Munna an earn back the original investment however Munna is against his siblings exercises. Later on in the film Munna’s sibling is killed likely in view of his connections to the black market (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film in this scene features the black market impact that has advanced toward the Indian film industry. There have been numerous cases and episodes where crowd supervisors from the Indian black market have financed and supported different makers. Any individual who has wouldn't work in horde upheld films has gotten dangers and at times even been focused by the black market. At first the crowd managers were much the same as some other enthusiasts of bollywood hotshots. Anyway all that changed when one of these mobsters began financing motion pictures of an on-screen character he liked. Before long the remainder of the black market jumped on the thought. Refusal of banks to put resources into Indian film constrained the makers to acknowledge contributions made by the horde managers (Corliss, 2002). Munna shows up at Shai’s condo to gather her clothing and the two before long become old buddies. Munna offers to turn into her guide and consequently Shai guarantees she would set up a portfolio for Munna which he intends to convey to different makers. Munna before long beginnings creating affections for Shai yet can't communicate his affections for her (Gurbaxani, 2011). India has been where individuals have been partitioned into various ranks and beliefs. From old occasions the station framework has characterized the social, money related and monetary existences of the Indian individuals. Marriage of an individual is restricted to their position, stations are characterized by birth and a person’s rank chooses the activity that individual is most appropriate for (Callaham Pavich, 2011). The film refers to Munna’s lower standing and the distinction of money related status as the fundamental reasons with regards to why he doesn’t admit his charge lings to Shai. Then Shai gets fixated mind Arun and starts following him. The structure inverse to Arun’s loft is under development and the developer happens to be Shai’s father. Exploiting this reality Shai utilizes the structure as a way to take Arun’s pictures without his insight. Arun then again has his psyche set on the tapes that had a place with the past occupant of the house. The tapes contain messages from a lady named Yasmin (Kriti Malhotra) to her sibling. Arun watches those tapes and before long beginnings drawing motivation from them (Gurbaxani, 2011). It is typical for specialists to draw motivation from day by day questions. Various craftsmen gain motivation from various everyday items and individuals. These motivations can be from companions, family or even a melody they like (Barnett, 2012). The film refers to the tapes by Yasmin as a methods for motivation for Arun’s work. To get by and advance his fantasy about turning into a celebrity Munna fills in as a laundrier by day and kills rodents for various territories by evening. Once while taking a few pictures Shai runs over Munna while he is on his night work filling in as an exterminator. Shai snaps his photo while Munna is working. Irate and confounded Munna makes a run for it. Arun watches the last video left by Yasmin in which she admits that her better half is in reality having an unsanctioned romance and gives indications that she would presumably execute herself. Feeling baffled Arun leaves the loft for good. Shai gets hold of Munna and approaches him for Arun’s new location. At first Munna delays and lies about not knowing the where abouts of Arun yet in the long run gives her Arun’s new location (Gurbaxani, 2011). The film delineates Yasmin as the storyteller and utilizations her encounters of Mumbai to depict the renowned tourist spots of the city in a totally new point of view. The portrayal of Yasmin’s encounters gives Dhobighat the state of an adoration letter kept in touch with the city of Mumbai. The film utilizes different circumstances to give an examination of the physical and mental contrasts among the different groups of people living in Mumbai. You read Kahaani and Mumbai Diaries Film Review in classification Papers A model is a scene from the film wherein Shai needs to direct Munna’s photograph shoot outside the studio. Anyway Munna being a local of Mumbai doesn't discover the sights and views of Mumbai as intriguing as Shai does (Gurbaxani, 2011). Typically Bollywood films are over the top expensive and can cost up to $20 million (The Economist, 2000). Up until the 1990s the sets, outfits and enhancements utilized were average in quality. The notoriety of Hollywood motion pictures in India constrained the executives and makers to improve the nature of their motion pictures (The Economist, 2000). Anyway Dhobighat cost an insignificant $1. 8 million a reality that bewildered and stunned lion's share of Indian and universal film pundits (Pillai, 2010). Indian producers find that shooting in outside nations attracts the general population to the film. Different remote areas have been utilized in the past to make the film all the more speaking to the majority. Either movie producers pick remote areas to escape from the group or they contend that it is the need of the content that causes them to pick those outside areas. Motivations given to the indian film industry by the legislature likewise draws in different producers towards taking shots at outside areas (Trivedi, 2012). Dhobighat was delivered utilizing guerilla strategies in which various territories of Mumbai were utilized to make the film. The executive Kiran Rao didn’t utilize any sort of set whatsoever. Kiran needed to Dhobighat to be a tribute to the individuals of Mumbai (OutlookIndia. com, 2010). A large portion of the parts in the film were in English something that pained Kiran and Amir Khan. Greater part of indian populace made some hard memories understanding English a factor that most probable would have influenced the film’s business. The creation group chose to name the English scenes in Hindi (Pillai, 2010). The merchant of the film for United States and India was UTV. UTV an auxiliary of Walt Disney has been one of the significant merchants of Indian film and has been one of the conspicuous elements in carrying Indian film to the world. The most recent decade or so has been the defining moment of the organization. UTV took up films that changed the manner in which motion pictures were made in Bollywood. Some of these motion pictures were hits. Peepli live, Rang De Basanti and Brfi are instances of a portion of the extraordinary movies that UTV Motion Pictures have taken a shot at. Senior Vice President at UTV Motion Pictures U. S. A named the film as being diverse to what Indian film fans are utilized to. He was likewise basic about the gathering the film would get. In spite of the Academy Awards occurring on a similar date UTV discharged the film on 21st January 2011 in United States and India. The discharge date couldn’t be deferred in light of the fact that India was facilitating the world cup and the film group needed to discharge the film on a similar date to forestall the creation of pilfered duplicates. UTV offered inclination to the Indian fans in light of the fact that the film fundamentally focused on the Indian crowd. UTV were supported after the Dhobighat got positive reaction at the Toronto and London film celebrations (Sydney, 2011). Dhobighat was a triumph in the cinematic world. Regardless of everyone’s desires Dhobighat was enjoyed by the Indian populace rounding up more than $2. 6 million in India. The film did genuinely well in United States, United Kingdom and Dubai making more than $780000. Universally the film did very well creation an incredible $1. 6 million. The achievement of Dhobighat satisfied the lead star and maker Amir Khan. Amir Khan further remarked and named the film as a triumph in light of the fact that

Evaluating Marketing Strategy and Recommendations †MyAssignmenthelp.c

Question: Talk about the Evaluating Marketing Strategy and Recommendations. Answer: Presentation This report reveals insight into the idea of advertising blend and assessment of showcasing blend. Advertising blend technique is the procedure of correspondence in the promoting and it has 8 center ideas. There are 8 Ps' in showcasing, item, costs, advancement, appropriation, organizations, individuals, forms and physical proof. In this report, all the 8Ps' will be featured both hypothetically and down to earth premise. In the initial segment of the investigation, a review of Burger Urge association will be examined with target market of the association. Advertising goals of the association will be talked about with this. 8Ps' off promoting will be applied on the burger food thing of the association and it will be assessed on rivalry and more extensive contemporary issues confronting advertisers today. In the last area of the report, suggestions on showcasing blend will be given on every one of the 8Ps'. Burger Urge depends on for the most part Brisbane and it is a burger chain in Australia. This association was set up by two siblings Sean and Colby in the year 2007. It was established as a little eatery in Fortitude Valley. Nonetheless, it grew up quickly and in the year 2016, it has very nearly 19 eateries all over Queensland, Gold Coast and it will open its branch in New South Wales (Burgerurge.com.au, 2017). Burger Urge is well known for its soda pops, mixed refreshments and Burgers. In the class of burger, it is fundamentally well known for a chicken burger, serving of mixed greens, fries and individuals can have veggie lover and without gluten food things. It is presently an establishment based business and it offers online conveyance too. In this report, the primary spotlight will be on burger contributions of the Burger Urge. In burgers, it offers meat, chicken and veg burgers to the clients. A portion of the well known burgers in Burger Urge are The Big Boppa, El Diablo and The Big Rich. Hypothetical investigation of 8Ps of Marketing Mix and use of it Burger Urge does promoting with utilizing dynamic systems that can affect on the purchasers. Fundamentally, in the Australian market, burger and inexpensive food industry are soaked. There are huge players in the business like McDonalds; KFC is available in the market. In addition, there are a few little associations in the market like Red Rooster, Chicken Treat, Zambrero, Pie Face and Eagle Boys. Showcasing blend predominantly assists with dispensing the obligations to the partners (Huang Sarigollu, 2014). Advertising blend additionally causes the association to speak with the clients about their items and administrations. The executives can break down the money saving advantage flexibility. Additionally, Burger Urge is in the eatery business and it faces tremendous rivalry from the contenders present in the market. Items are the contributions of the organization and it incorporates structure and value to the clients (Mintz Currim, 2013). The item likewise connotes the worth, quality, brand and expiry dates. Results of an association need to convey at any rate least degree of execution. All results of associations offer to the clients have item lifecycle and advertisers need to get this. The advantages of the items ought to be passed on to the clients and it will convey the one of a kind selling recommendation of the brand (Armstrong et al., 2015). Burger Urge for the most part works in the brisk assistance café that offers burgers of different sorts. Aside from burgers, it offers fries, plates of mixed greens, delicate and hard beverages. In burgers, it gives different sorts burgers to the clients, chicken meat and veg. Burger Urge's principle items can be isolated into American Style, House Special and Classics. Burger Kings gives the burgers in meat (Babe daisy, El Diablo, The Big Boppa), in chicken (Pineapple Express and Hotel California) and it veg (South of the Border and Magic Mushroom). The sauces given by the Burger Urge are structured in places of Western Australia and these are for the most part liberated from hues, protections and added substances synthetics. In addition, Burger Urge just uses unfenced mayonnaise, free roaming chicken and free roaming eggs to deliver the food things. The hamburger burgers are 100% Australians and these are sourced from Western Australia. On the opposite side, the contenders of the Burger Urge is McDonald's in Australia, it offers the burgers in various size and formula and name of burgers are Big Mac, Quarter Pounder, Cheese Burger, cheeseburger and Chicken and Cheese (Mcdonalds.com.au, 2017). McDonalds items have properties of culture, towards religion and clients conclusions. It has separate cooking zones and gear for Muslim individuals. Burger Urge keeps its eyes on the strength of the clients and all the items are checked by wellbeing and food division of Australia. The bread sold by Burger Urge is hand prepared and these are liberated from trans fats, palm oil and counterfeit emulsifiers. Burger Urge attempts to keep nature clean and they are assuming the liability for bundling utilized by Burger Urge is biodegradable. The objective market of the association is fundamentally founded on segment fragment. The objective markets of Burger Urge are basically youthful age and corporate people. The results of Burger Urge can pull in target advertises without any problem. Cost is the sum that the end clients need to follow through on and the cost is liable for selling the items. The association can set the evaluating methodology, low estimating, premium valuing and value skimming. The apparent estimation of item is significant than the target costing of item (Leonidou, Katsikeas Morgan, 2013). The association needs to comprehend the impression of the clients on their items. On the off chance that the cost of an item is higher than the apparent estimation of clients, the items won't sell. Burger Urge basically utilizes value skimming technique in making sum the food things. Value skimming technique is tied in with setting the cost of the items in generally high from the start in presenting the items and afterward the cost becomes lower (Hanssens et al., 2014). Burger Urge offers particular burgers in tastes and styles frequently that are not quite the same as contenders. Value skimming encourages them to showcase the items as the quality and looks of the items make recognition about high esteemed items. American Style burger Boston Cheese costs $11.5 and Southern Fried Chicken Burger costs $13 and New Yorker burger costs $13.5. On the opposite side, showcase contenders McDonalds and KFC utilize the system of low evaluating so as to snatch more clients. McDonalds and KFC are worldwide brands and they can offer the items at negligible costs not in transitory yet for consistently. In cultural points of view, it tends to be concluded that Burger Urge can't exploit low evaluating systems of different brands sell more than them. The predictable low valuing technique of contenders without value advancements makes an issue for Burger King. The spot is identified with the procedure to be given to the clients. The spot additionally means the stores and outlets where the items can be gathered by the clients. If there should arise an occurrence of situation, dispersion is the principle component and association needs to comprehend the channels of dissemination (Fan, Lau Zhao, 2015). Burger Urge has in excess of 19 outlets in Queensland and Gold Coast and it will open its store in NSW also. The outlets are comfortable and atmosphere is lovely. Burger Urge utilizes the immediate flexibly chain to have rural items from the Australia based ranchers. The crude materials are for the most part new and Burger Urge is glad accomplices with nearby providers. The hamburger is taken from southwest inclines of NSW and the meat are developed in the delicate grass. As of late, the supportable cultivating issue is in news; Burger Urge utilizes economical and moral cultivating (Burgerurge.com.au, 2017). Also, Burger Urge attempts to make shy of circulation channel that is useful to bring down the expense. On the opposite side, McDonalds and KFC use primarily eateries, versatile applications and sites to find the items. McDonald's essentially utilizes middle people in conveyance procedure and mediators arrive at their items to them (Mcdonalds.com.au, 2017). For Burger Urge, place alludes to selling point and it assists with getting the eyes of the clients. Right area assists with discovering individuals the correct items. Showcasing correspondence and advertising procedures fall into the classification of advancements. Associations do advancements so as to expand the perceivability of brand mindfulness and reach to target markets (Helm Gritsch, 2014). Associations can utilize different channels to reach to the clients so as to advertise the items. As expressed by Lau (2016), advancement can be characterized as a correspondence direct in the whole showcasing capacity. Burger Urge is certifiably not an enormous association that can utilize TV showcasing or announcement promoting as these are exorbitant. Burger Urge association utilizes for the most part internet based life promoting procedures and they have online life accounts Facebook and Twitter. Burger Urge posts essentially about the area of outlets and exceptional limits via web-based networking media pages. Burger Urge gives huge arrangements and limits to the clients so as to build the deals. In web based life, Burger Urge does uncommon rivalry among the clients and they can win unique proposal from the organization. Burger Urge pulls in neighborhood clients by disseminating flyers with papers. Burger Urge has been confronting the issues of innovation as it doesn't have advanced innovation IT group inside the association to advance the business. It guarantees brand mindfulness and findability' of the brand. The innovative ramifications is expensive and selecting a PR group implies requireme nts of cash. On the opposite side, McDonalds and KFC in Australia are enormous names, they utilize a wide range of IMC (Integrated Marketing Communication) as they can put a lot of cash in promoting. Also, the contenders use enrollment procedure and devotion reward methodology to pull in the clients. McDonald's mostly utilizes the procedure of cheerful hours'

Best Professional Essay Samples

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The Clouds by Aristophanes Essay - 1678 Words

The Clouds by Aristophanes - Relevant in Todays World The Clouds by Aristophanes, is a play centrally concerned with education. Aristophanes employs satire to illustrate his conservative beliefs. It is intended to show readers that in the tendency to philosophical subtleties lies the neglection of the real needs of the Athenians. According to Aristophanes, philosophical speculation only acts to shake the established foundations of accepted religion, gods, and ideals of morality. Specifically, as it was even discused in The Apology, Aristophanes believed that philosophical attitudes held by the Sophists enabled those who held them to convince others of wrong or weaker beliefs simply by sounding as if they knew what†¦show more content†¦In doing some background research into why this would be, I discovered that Aristophanes religious undertones could stem from the fact that Athenians were trying to harmonize science and religion. When new scientific theories were starting to surface and be questioned, many people couldnt even consider them without sounding as if they were committing treason against the state. Aristophanes turns to religion in order to remind his audience that both religion and science have to be equally open to questions, critique, and even in Aristophanes case, satire. This suggestion, that certain things need to be equally suceptable to to critique and questions can also be seen through the way that Aristophanes suggests there is both a problem with the accepted model of a well-rounded education, and the newer model brought about by such philopophers as the Sophists. Aristophanes saw the danger in not questioning an accepted theory or belief. Despite the fact I agree with Johnson in that Aristophanes may be a staunch defender of old values, Aristophanes saw that if something widely accepted was left unquestioned for too long, it would become idle. Basically, an idea that I believe should be applied more in the world we live in today -- a traditionally accepted theoryShow MoreRelatedApology And Aristophanes The Clouds982 Words   |  4 Pagesof classical works, they raise questions about the veracity of his quoted works. There are some works which shed a positive light on the scholar while others convey the contrary. One such comparison is that of Plato’s book, Apology and Aristophanes’ play The Clouds. Throughout both masterpieces there are connotations that they both disagreed and presumably misrepresented Socrates’ methods, beliefs and overall views. Misrepresenting Socrates has inevitably created an only partial representation ofRead MoreHow Xenophon’s Oeconomicus is a Response to Aristophanes’ Clouds1043 Words   |  5 PagesA significant body of work regarding how Xenophon’s Oeconomicus is a response to Aristophanes’ Clouds has been written in the last few decades, beginning with Leo Strauss’s enigmatic book on the dialogue. And while great consideration has gone into the pronounced relationship between these two works, as well as its relation to Xenophon’s treatises on the arts and his Hiero, the fertile Oeconomicus has many more fruits to yield for us regarding a greater understanding of the coherence of the dialogueRead MoreAristophanes Clouds Is A Social Commentary On The Nature Of Justice853 Words   |  4 PagesAristophanes’ Clouds is a social commentary on the nature of justice as it pertains to the philosophic life within the city- disguised as a crude theatrical comedy. The protagonist Strepsiades is overcome by debt due to his son Pheidippides’ obsession with horsemanship, and Strepsiades seeks the help of local philosopher Socrates in order to learn the art of deceptive speaking so that he may trick his creditors and not â€Å"give anyone back even an obol of those debts† (120). 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Aristophanes depicts two different Greek ideologies clashing together causing an ideological shift within Athens. This shift is shown through the tension between different traditions, humans falsely redefining cosmic roles, and reconciliation of previous beliefs. These conflictsRead MoreAristophanes’ Clouds a Satyr Play Written in 419 BCE1161 Words   |  5 PagesAristophanes’ Clouds, if read hastily, can be interpreted as a mindless satyr play written in 419 BCE. Yet the chorus warns the reader not to expect the play to have farcical ploys like â€Å"a hanging phallus stitched on† the actors to evoke a laugh, but to take note of underlying seriousness as â€Å"she [the play] comes in trusting only her words† (Clouds 538-44). Even if the play does use some low devices, the play’s message is sophisticated and can be read as a warning to Socrates. 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The Economic State Of The United States - 1218 Words

The United States today is a paradox, where corporations prosper despite the dire economic state of the rest of the country (Reich, 519-520). This paradox continues to remain true, despite any individual effort a person may make. As Robert Reich, a political economist and professor at Berkeley concludes, this is because the workforce is shifting from the manufacturing industry to service jobs and mostly, jobs that require college degrees(519-521). Presently in the U.S., one s competitive position in the world economy is starting to depend one’s function, and in this environment, the rich prosper (Reich, 519-520). In response to this situation, many now view a college degree as a key to success, and are seeking out higher education.†¦show more content†¦Financial Aid programs in the form of loans, although helpful in paying for college, do little to shorten the gap between high and low income students in higher education. The College Board, which is responsible for the SAT, AP, and other acclaimed standardized exams, states that, about two-thirds of full-time students pay for college with the help of financial aid, most of which is federally funded (Federal State AP Exam Fee Assistance,† 1) This is partly because college tuition and fees have surged 1,120 percent since 1978, causing the financial burden taken on by college applicants to become almost overwhelming (Jamrisko, 1). For this reason, financial aid is seen by low-income college applicants as a necessary means to attending college. In theory, the use of financial aids should encourage low-income people to attend college and provide equal opportunity between high and low-class students, however, it has no such effect. According to a study done by the Pew Research Center, which is known for researching trends in professional environments, college enrollment in the U.S. among low income students is still 30% below that of high income students (Desilver, 1). As Tamy Luhby, an economis t and author for CNN Money says, high income-students are still 8 times more likely to graduate with a degree. Although financial aid temporarily covers the cost of college, it is basically a system of debt accumulation due to fact that many low income students can only

My Vision For The Future Of Science And Technology

My Vision for the Future of Science and Technology If our ancestors from the days of yore could see some of today’s innovations, they would proclaim them to be magic. The Congress of Future Science and Technology Leaders exposed me to such innovations and, in the process, to much of the STEM field. I now have a deeper understanding of a broad range of recent scientific and technological advances, and the challenges and opportunities they create. As a result, I have an idea of where I might someday fit into the research field. The speakers at the congress placed the majority of their focuses on health, technological innovation, and astrophysics. On the subject of health I learned, among other things, about the detection and treatment of cancer, and different means by which technology aids human health. Several speakers have made significant contributions toward the effort to eradicate cancer. Nineteen-year-old Jack Andraka created a method of detecting cancer that costs just $0.03, and Robert Langer, an award-winning chemist, invented nanospheres capable of distributing medications made up of macromolecules. Neither development was begotten with ease, however. When questioned, Langer said, â€Å"I believed in my ideas and I guess that’s how I got through it.† Rana el Kaliouby utilizes technology to help people. Her company, Affectiva, created software able to detect the emotions in one’s facial expressions. They plan to incorporate themselves into Google Glass in order to assistShow Mo reRelatedComparative Studies of Bladerunner and Frankenstein1157 Words   |  5 Pagesexplore some of the concerns of her time relating to the use of science and technology and its impact on humanity. 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In module 3, we participated in the MindTools leadership assessment where I scored a 74 of 90. I scored strong on self-confidence and motivating people to deliver the vision. The areas that I needed to work on are: being a good role model, managing performance effectively, and providingRead MoreThe National Educational Technology Standards For Students, Teachers, And Administrators Essay1082 Words   |  5 PagesLoui s University. Currently, I am enrolled in a course titled, Realizing Vision through Technological, Human and Financial Resources. The National Educational Technology Standards (NETS) are a set of standards sponsored by the International Society of Technology in Education (ISTE). I have explored the ITSE website and reviewed the NETS standards for students, teachers, and administrators. 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Not printing â€Å"Hello, world† like others, I was able to draw pictures and even create games using Logo programming language. The charm of programming is very attractive to me. While in high school I participated

The Failure Of Structural Adjustment Programmes Essay free essay sample

, Research Paper The failure of structural accommodation plans Many bankers and economic experts view the Third World as topographic points where the economic systems have yet to take off. All they need are resources to excite the at hand prosperity. To relieve the huge poorness, unemployment and destitution that afflicts the huge bulk of people, the hapless and the on the job category, in these states, economic experts and bankers look toward the free market as the solution. As developing states debts accumulate to indicate where some must declare bankruptcy, the international Bankss, the International Monetary Fund ( IMF ) and the World Bank, began giving loans to these with the purpose of exciting the economic system. Attached to these loans are conditions, intending the debitor state must adhere to stringent domestic societal and economic policies if they were to go on to measure up for future loans and nutrient assistance. These fiscal assistance plans are dubbed structural accommodation programmes ( SAPs ) , and are designed to set develop ing states on solid terms within the planetary economic system so they could refund their loans. The economic policies that the IMF and the World Bank favor are those which aims bring forthing merchandises as cheaply and copiously as possible for export. And in bend, occupations would be created and a considerable gross would be generated. Harmonizing to their theory, this is supposed to raise the overall criterion of life of the people in these states and assist the local economic system expand. Since the execution of them in the 70s though, SAPs have non remedied the predicament of the hapless and the on the job category nor caused the economic growing the IMF and World Bank economic experts have predicted. In fact, grounds shows that SAPs have exacerbated the really jobs they were designed to work out: poorness, dependance, and debt. Using Jamaica as a peculiar illustration, the followers will sketch the beginnings of SAPs and the general effects they have had on states where they have been implemented. First, it would be appropriate to briefly explicate the general history and context of the planetary economic system that led to the execution of SAPs. Third World states were decolonised as their importance to advanced capitalist states declined. After the 2nd World War, the Western industrial states became more self-sufficing: dependance on natural stuffs declined because they were used more expeditiously and man-made replacements for them were being developed. The agricultural end product of these states were besides on addition. Developing states chiefly played the function of supplying industrially advanced states with natural stuffs, every bit long as there was a demand for it amongst industrial states, domestic wealth was generated. The markets for high priced and sophisticated trade goods amongst the Western states kept spread outing during this period so much wealth was created as the universe economic system grew and grew. The new pool of planetary nest eggs ensured net incomes for the uninterrupted watercourse of new investings. This post-war period is known as the long roar. With the exclusion of the freshly industrialising states ( NICs ) in East Asia and Latin America, most developing states failed to derive much autonomy because of their subservient function in the planetary market economic system as solely natural stuff exporters. The ground why they did non accomplish economic independency is due to the fact that the Third World has been ( and are being ) excluded from universe trade and investing. Most planetary trade is done between the industrially advanced states because they chiefly produce manufactured goods. The ground why the NICs were comfortable is because they were able to interrupt into universe trade by bring forthing such goods. But the chances of the remainder of the Third World transforming into even partly industrialized states are rather hopeless if they continue to be excluded from universe trade. The 1970s marked the diminution of the long roar, the 1979-82 recession being the concluding nail in the casket. With scarce investing chances and an flood of capital, Bankss began to their addition loans to the Third World. But with the recession of 1979, the debitor states found it impossible to pay off their loans. Thus a debt crisis ensued. The crisis peaked when Mexico defaulted on its loans in August 1982. So most Third World states remained in a province of societal and economic crisis. Economic growing stagnated. Construction undertakings sat unfinished and finished 1s were unpaid for. Real involvement rates rose dramatically in 1980-82 ( about 30 % ) thereby increasing the involvement on the bing debts, so loans were needed merely to cover the involvement payments. Industrial states and international Bankss recognised the demand for a manner to excite the faltering economic systems of the underdeveloped states so loans and debts can be paid back. So SAPs were devised to better authorities fiscal balance sheets and to excite economic growing and prosperity. Structural accommodation loans are geared towards building undertakings and the spread outing authorities services ( for concern ) , paving the route toward economic prosperity. The IMF and the World Bank was certain that the spread between export income earning and the cost of imports would shut. If the authoritiess of the debitor states agreed to implement the societal and economic policies, so the debt aggregation day of the month would be postponed by the large Bankss thereby keeping a certain grade of fiscal stableness for the state in the average clip. When in topographic point, the policies under SAPs that authoritiess are forced to follow hold damaging effects for the hapless and working category of those Third World states. Rather than relieving the economic jobs, the policies really make them worse. And as the economic jobs worsen, so make the societal jobs since they are inextricably connected. At the same clip, the affluent concern proprietors net incomes keep increasing yet none of it is # 8220 ; dribbling down # 8221 ; to the remainder of population as economic experts thought would. They do non see a penny. Advocates of the SAPs believe that receiver states have been # 8220 ; populating beyond their agencies # 8221 ; which is perceived to be one obstruction to economic growing. The undermentioned outlines the chief constituents of SAPs and how they drive down the life criterions of the hapless and the on the job category. Economists believe that local demand for goods must be suppressed, in economic footings it is called, # 8220 ; fastening of domestic demand # 8221 ; or # 8220 ; reduced local soaking up # 8221 ; . The two chief ways to accomplish this through SAPs is currency devaluation and the remotion of any monetary value ceilings and subsidies. When the dollar is devalued, it raises the cost of imports. And monetary value ceilings hinders the natural class the free market will take. Both methods allows rising prices to travel unbridled thereby raising the cost of life hit the really hapless the hardest. Taxs are raised and are chiefly paid by hapless and on the job category people. SAPs discourages taxing concerns and affluent persons since the economic political orientation believes that they ( the wealthy ) will put their nest eggs into domestic economic activities. The truth is, the affluent normally invests their money abroad or it is spent on luxuries. Many authoritiess give concern a period of clip where they pay perfectly no revenue enhancements when they invest in their state. This ranges from 5 to 20 old ages. This is thought to be one manner to lure new foreign investing. But revenue enhancement gross losingss are non made up with the new investing because net incomes are non re-invested back into the local economic system. When the revenue enhancement vacation is up, investors merely pack up and go forth, with their net incomes. Another making for SAPs is a part of authorities gross must be spent on helping the private sector. The SAPs typically contract constructing undertakings to private concerns to construct roads, seaports, etc. These undertakings are meant to heighten export production, the edifice of substructure makes goods easier to transport. The authorities is expected to help these concerns which, in bend, is geared towards pulling more private investing, particularly for export production. And as investing comes, it means net incomes that will assist the local economic system. But the net incomes that investors make are non re-invested locally, their nest eggs are transferred to transnational Bankss ; the same Bankss who loan capital to the authoritiess of developing states. And in bend, the se authoritiess subsidise the private investors thereby protecting their nest eggs while authoritiess build up external debt. And when local conditions are unfavorable for investing, the private investors merely reassign their nest eggs into international markets where additions can maximised. SAPs scorn duties and levies that may be placed on exports. Some authoritiess enforce them to derive some gross from the wealth of investors, but it contradicts export merchandise maximising. These protectionist barriers are designed to protect local concern from foreign competition. SAPs want domestic markets to be every bit unfastened as possible for foreign investing. By taking them those barriers, local concerns go belly up merely because they can non vie with the foreign companies. Much unemployment is created this manner, and besides local demands are even harder to run into. The SAPs for most recipient states usually require reduced public disbursement. The countries of instruction and wellness are hardest hit in most instances. There are more school fees, learning occupations are cut, in the wellness sector, services like inoculations that were antecedently free have a monetary value ticket. Again, the bulk of the population bears the load. Public utilities, land and industries are usually downsized or put on the auction block under SAPs. Economists label these authorities resources as # 8220 ; inefficient # 8221 ; but there is no grounds private companies are that much better. As services are slashed and the cost of utilizing them rises, it is the bulk of people who lose out. Attacks on workers are intrinsic to the SAP s docket. As the populace services are slashed, so are the figure of public sector workers. In the private sector, pay ceilings and freezings are imposed and the minimal pay is non enforced, therefore driving down the overall life pay. SAP proponents warrant this by faulting high production costs for the deficiency of private investing and the stagnate economic systems. These onslaughts on the working category has been met with fierce opposition throughout the 1980s which resulted in the toppling of authoritiess but really small additions for the workers themselves. It merely goes to demo that any averment of authorities control of the local economic kineticss is but an semblance. No affair how left flying a authorities may look, the bottom line is, they will ever be forced to do grants with the international Bankss. Oscar Allen, leader of the Rural Transformation Collective, observed: The chokehold on us by foreign establishments today is more entire than under the colonial state of affairs, because it is cultural and societal every bit good as economic, and because it includes co-operation and co-ordination among Caribbean authoritiess under footings dictated by the IMF and the World Bank. Jamaica is a authoritative illustration of a state where the IMF and World Bank SAPs have failed to present at a immense cost to the society. Jamaica s Labor Party, led by Harvard-graduate Edward Seaga, came to power in 1980 on the promise of new loans from the North. Ronald Reagan, the president of the United States at the clip, was confident that free endeavor would convey Jamaica prosperity. The US s Agency for International Development ( AID ) , who are creditors to the Third World and who work really closely with the IMF and World Bank, well boosted their loans to Jamaica from $ 38 to $ 208 million. From 1981 to 1989, USAID spent an norm of about $ 120 million per twelvemonth ; the most of all the Caribbean states. To pull private investors, Seaga used a typical economic scheme that was bound to neglect from the really beginning: he pulled out all the Michigans to open domestic markets for foreign competition. He reduced authorities protection of Jamaican manufacturers and opened the state to more imports from abroad. Garment piecing sweatshops, where non-unionised adult females worked for less than 50 cents an hr, we re widely promoted. In bend, local concern shuttings resulted in monolithic occupation losingss ; the concerns could no maintain up with foreign makers. By 1982, Jamaica s trade shortage tripled and wealth could non be contained within the state. New IMF loans were given to the Seaga authorities but that besides intend a thin economic policy: the Jamaican dollar was devalued by 43 % ( cut downing the purchasing power of Jamaicans ) . This resulted in a renewed agony by the Jamaican working category and hapless. Inflation accelerated to 30 % in 1984/85 and unemployment climbed to 30 % . The universe market monetary values of minerals ( Jamaica s main export ) , peculiarly bauxite and alumina, were highly low which translated into the shutting of big mines operations. By 1988, the state s external debt reached $ 4.4 billion which was one of the highest per capita in the universe. And gaining from exports fell by 2.6 % , instead than increasing. The cost to the Jamaican people because of the SAPs imposed on the state is reeling. Funding to wellness attention fell by 33 % from 1981 to 1985 which resulted in fallen existent incomes of physicians, nurses and wellness workers, shutting of infirmary services and new charges to bing services. Housing monetary values have efficaciously doubled in both urban and rural countries. A fifth of the public work force was slashed in one twelvemonth, October 1984 # 8211 ; 85. The concentration of wealth continues thereby increasing the spread between the richest and the poorest Jamaicans. The usage of difficult drugs and offense rose, and is still on the rise. And poorness is rampant, even the in-between category lives in fright. In response to declining conditions, people took to the streets in mass presentations and general work stoppages. Many triumphs have been won from the grassroots degree but cardinal alteration has yet to be seen. By the terminal of Seaga s term, Jamaica s gross national merchandise was no larger than it had been at the beginning of his term. But the external debt of Jamaica doubled. The World Bank s senior economic expert for Jamaica, Roger Robinson, acknowledged in 1988 that Jamaica s societal and economic substructure is worse than it was in the seventiess. None the less, he still recommended retrieving more of the costs from the users of infirmaries, schools and other services, despite the fact that Jamaica has been fighting to pay the care of all its public establishments. By the clip Edward Seaga left office as a defeated politician, he was highly hated. At the same clip, economic assistance from the US had declined because of their deficiency of concern with the Caribbean as a national security issue ( i.e. the Cold War was coming to an terminal ) . So in his topographic point comes Michael Manley who was really the anterior president to Seaga. New dialogues provided new loans for the deteriorating state but new asceticism steps were besides dictated that would turn out far worse for the people of Jamaica. The Jamaican dollar was devalued even further and it reached a record depression of J $ 10 to US $ 1. Food monetary value subsidies were lowered and monetary value caps on nutrient were raised. To grok the farther impairment of life conditions, one may visualize it this manner: monetary values in Jamaica are merely somewhat lower than that of the US but the Jamaican lower limit pay is eleven times lower its US opposite number. As the barbarous economic rhythm spins, Jamaica s societal cloth cryings even more. To this twenty-four hours, it is the same old vocal and dance for the state. Equally long as the same neo-liberal free market schemes are utilised in trying to kickstart the Jamaican economic system, the same dead Equus caballus will go on to be flogged over and over. In decision, structural accommodation programmes that have been implemented by international Bankss such as the IMF and the World Bank have failed in run intoing their aims of conveying economic growing to the Third World. Alternatively of work outing the economic and societal jobs they promised they would make, the SAPs create and perpetuate them. SAPs proved to be complete dead terminals. They merely augment the demand for Third World states to maintain borrowing capital from creditors, droping themselves into greater and dejecting the life criterions of their several citizens. The incrimination of stagnate economic systems should be placed on the Third World exclusion from universe trade. Advanced industrial states trade chiefly between themselves short-circuiting the Third World. And worse still, the demand for Third World raw material exports are on the diminution so their chief beginning of income, export net incomes, are falling. Therefore doing the likely-hood of holding debt s and loans repaid even slimmer.

Occupational Safety and Health free essay sample

Self My main health and safety responsibilities are: monitor the workplace practices such as care activities, care procedures, the Use of care materials and equipment. Minimise any risk of danger and possibility of injury and harm to service users, others and Myself Report and record any health and safety concerns. We will write a custom essay sample on Occupational Safety and Health or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Attend training. Employer/Manager The main health and safety responsibilities are: make sure every member of staff is aware of his/her Responsibilities with regard to Health and Safety Policy, ensure that there are safe working methods and equipment in place to Avoid injury, damage and wastage†¦ Assess and minimise risks, provide health and safety training, information and supervision, Provide welfare and first aid facilities and provide protective clothing and equipment free of charge. Others – All staff and visitors to the care home such as service users, relatives, doctors, nurses and agency workers must follow all Health and Safety procedures†¦follow instructions for use of equipment and report any health and safety concerns. (1. 4) Any tasks that are hazardous for health and safety shouldn’t be done without special training. Hazards associated with equipment Using hoists and slings, waste disposal, cleaning and chemical substances; hazards associated with people moving and handling Procedures, cooking and given medicines Outcome 2 (2:1) Legislation that relates to health and safety includes, amongst others, the Health and Safety at work Act 1974, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 and Health and Safety (Enforcing Authority) Regulations 1998. The general roles and responsibilities of health and safety policies and procedures agreed with my organisation for colleagues include: * Having a personal and collective responsibility to promote safe working practices and maintain a healthy, safe and secure workplace * Having a responsibility to ensure that they have an awareness of and comply with the organisations health and safety policy * Having an awareness of health and safety risks they face and the actions they should take to mitigate those risks.

law and society essays

law and society essays The function of law in a society is more or less universal. It acts as a deterrent to control the evil and treacherous behavior of humans, to maintain discipline and imposes restrictions on some freedom. We live in a chaotic and uncertain world. Without an orderly environment based on and backed by law, the normal activities of life would be lacerated with chaos. Law is a social norm, the infraction of which is sanctioned in treat or in fact by the application of physical force or by a party possessing the socially recognized privilege or so acting. It provides a society with order and predictability, resolving disputes, protecting individuals and property, providing for the general welfare and protecting individual liberties. Law and the predictability it provides cannot guarantee us a totally safe world, but it can create a climate in which people believe it is worthwhile to produce, venture fort, and to live for the morrow. It prevents the state of nature, which would be total anarchy had there been no laws. Societies today are more complex and interacting. Maintaining good order and discipline have far reaching implications on a societys prosperity. Laws are in acted daily through out different societies for the protection and security of individuals, property, businesses and states. It permits an orderly, peaceful process for dispute resolution and provides us with the programs to establish and enable corporately, what would be impossible, or at least prohibitive, to do as individuals. Laws should be designed to protect the individual personal and civil rights against those forces, which would curtail or restrict them. Some examples of this are freedom of speech, religion, the press, the right to a fair trail and the freedom from cruel and unusual punishment. In the United States the respect for the law is paramount and disobedience to the la ...

Fire and the Dying Flames of the American Dream Essay

Fire and the Dying Flames of the American Dream - Essay Example The fantastical element within the story occurs without the expected excitement. Bears discover fire, the local news station (the narrator is never sure which one) document footage, but essentially the lives of the characters are utterly unaffected by the seemingly outstanding phenomenon. A reader can interpret this one of two ways. First, that the characters within the story are capable of accepting bears as higher, more evolved beings within their daily life—something vaguely interesting but will soon become too commonplace to worry about. Or, second, that the bears discovering fire signal a much deeper significance within the main story arch: that the bears parallel the narrator’s personal discovery that life has passed him by and he was never able to achieve anything more significant than being adept at changing tires; a remarkable matter when it becomes clear within the first few moments that his skill is a dying art and he is now replaceable by â€Å"stuff called FlatFix†¦$3.95 the can† (Bisson 523) The reader experiences the same encroaching depression, as â€Å"weak [and] flicker† (523) as the flashlight that refuses to light the narrator’s way, as he becomes relevant only within his own life. A pivotal moment in the story occurs when the narrator is sitting across the fire from a group of bears and he is impacted by a revelation about the nature of the human-like creatures. Though they have come together in a social group to utilize the benefits of fire, only a few bears seem to have the ability to control it â€Å"and were carrying the others along† (529). He reflects that â€Å"isn’t that how it is with everything?† (529). The narrator’s revelation is entirely unresolved, but the author was, perhaps, leading a reader to their own conclusions about how people work within social groups. A few people have the skill to make fire, cook meals, make repairs, etc, while others are being carr ied along because they do not possess said skill. Yet, the group still functions. The narrator is at once struck by the beauty of the fire, the â€Å"little dramas were being played out as fiery chambers were created and then destroyed in a crashing of sparks† (529). This moment, as miniscule as it may seem to the reader, serves to highlight the deeper theme of how the American Dream has been lost for the narrator. Life is full of â€Å"fiery chambers† that dance and envelope a person still capable of maintaining the passion to reach for their dream. But as with many who have held a dream and let it go (for reasons of life, love, or accident), that dream is â€Å"destroyed† exactly like the blazing cherubs of hope within the pit of fire. Outside his own imagination, he looks across the fiery circle â€Å"at the bears and wondered what they saw. Some had their eyes closed. Though they were gathered together, their spirits still seemed solitary, as if each bear w as sitting alone in front of its own fire† (529). Struck by the solitary nature of the animals, he has found that though they work together as a group for the benefit of their survival, they are entirely independent from the group as a whole. Essentially, they are still in a form of hibernation, separated from the whole by their own

How its made Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How its made - Essay Example 23-29, 2005). Sandpaper first came out in the 13th century, invented by the Chinese when strong and tough materials of that age, such as shell pieces, seeds, and sand adhered to parchment rolls through natural gum obtained from the trees. In those days, people also made use of natural rough surfaces such as fish skin with scales to achieve results similar to that of sandpaper. However, the first invention, which looked much more like today’s sandpaper came out as glass paper, formed through pieces of glass and sand combined together on paper. By 1716, coated paper came forward in Paris, but the original invention of sandpaper goes back into 1834 in United States by Isaac Fischer, Jr., of  Springfield, Vermont. Its grade further improved when it took over another property of also being waterproof in 1916, changing from sandpaper to Wetrodry, which helped improve the grade quality without acting as a seal upon automotive paint refinishing. The most peculiar use of sandpaper is its application as a musical instrument by Leroy Anderson in his famous  Sandpaper Ballet (Capotosto, pp. 73, 1991). Sandpaper, no matter with its name specifically refers to surface of paper and sand, in reality denies the presence of both the materials, but is completely made of other organic or synthetic minerals and adhesives. There are many materials other than the simple usage of sand and paper, in the development of this multi functioning piece of paper, which give it its unique qualities. Most significantly, the abrading materials, which give it the aggressive wiping ability comes through the combination of many materials. These include flint, garnet (for wood work), emery (substance used for cleaning metal surfaces), aluminum oxide (giving the paper its metal oxide property), silicon carbide (only used in very fine grits),

Costs and benefits of the EMU

Costs and benefits of the EMU Abstract: This paper contributes to the ongoing debate over European Monetary Union (EMU) including the costs and benefits of joining it. Advocators of EMU stressed that it is essential to create a stronger European Union with greater economic, political and social cohesion, whereas the opponents did not support this stage of the European Unions construction such as the United-Kingdom, Denmark and Sweden, reviewing the merits of a single currency (OCA) and the requirements for a stable currency (Convergence Criteria). (Bernhard Winkler, 1996) Identify and discuss the costs and benefits of joining the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU)? Do the benefits outweigh the costs? Introduction According to Franà §ois Mitterrand, â€Å"EMU is seen as a mean to recover some influence over European monetary affairs.† (Franà §ois Mitterrand, 1992)The French left wings president at time wanted the emergence of the European Union against the US dollar which has been widely used as the yardstick measurement for all currencies. In Europe, the existence of different national currencies was considered as the remaining barriers for a barrier-free single market and the influence of the dollar pressed the European Union (EU) to form an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). The genesis of the EMU with the initial impulse given by the Werner Report in 1970, then failed in 1973 with the oil crisis and finally relaunched with the Delors Plan in 1989 and the Treaty of Maastricht in 1992, was noteffortlessly. The EMU is a type of trade block involving a single market and a common currency. At the European scale, it involves a single European market within its borders and the adoption of the Euro. Economists usually refer to the EMU as an economic trade off between perceived benefits and cost of joining the area (Thomas D. Willett, 2002). There are diverging views on the extent of these costs and benefits, and therefore, especially on the question whether to join the EMU or not. The aim of this paper is to analyse the key issues surrounding the entry in the EMU, and balance positive and negative aspects. The pros and cons regarding the EMU require a careful analysis of the economic benefits and drawbacks at both national and company level. Debate surrounding the EMU There are many benefits that a country will have by entering EMU. Recently, the euro has gained a lot of influence since many European nations have adopted it. Indeed, the benefits of EMU increase and costs decrease as the level of integration intensifies. (Krugman, 1990)The growing importance of the euro in international trades and the increasing trade activities which result from adopting the currency clearly shows that benefits will outweigh costs. For a country international trades are fundamental in order to have a stronger economy. Therefore, the â€Å"antis-EMU† advocate that the process will submerge the individuality of the European nations in an â€Å"unwieldy federation, hobbled by bureaucracy, commanding little popular support and imposing a crippling burden of regulatory and other costs on Europes economies† (David Currie, 1997, pp.14) They believe that an organized Europe will have a negative impact for most member states as it will also â€Å"reduce the volume of trade and would certainly increase the level of unemployment† (Martin Feldstein, February 20, 2008). In order to join the EMU, a country must correspond to the Maastricht Convergence Criteria: price stability, sustainable public finances, exchange rate stability and durable convergence. The term â€Å"convergence† refers to the process of unifying technological and non-rival domains, preparing late countries in terms of structure and institutions to match with those at the forefront. One of the first obvious benefits is that the implementation of those criteria represents a factor of macroeconomic stabilisation and sustainable economic growth for both EMU countries and future members. However, the convergence requirements are also a clear example of conflict because they are considered as lacking economic rationale and imposing unnecessary pain. Many economists have attacked the convergence criteria, responsible of provoking instability and serving no other purpose except to delay. (De Grauwe, 1993) The convergence criteria and EMU itself seek to guard against â€Å"unsustai nable budgetary policies in a member state† because these are seen to lead to either â€Å"default or debt monetisation† which would â€Å"be a major threat to the overall monetary stability† (European Economy, 1990:100) Furthermore, the convergence criteria make clear that fiscal discipline is defined as the avoidance of an unsustainable build-up of public debt (Emerson, 1992, pp.107) and the transition to EMU for a country will amplify the domestic effectiveness of national fiscal policy for stabilisation purposes. (Emerson, 1992, pp.115) Benefits and costs of joining the EMU Our aim is to understand the incentives of the players in the EMU, and a natural starting point is to assess economic costs and benefits of a single currency for a country like France as an example. More or less, there are microeconomic benefits versus macroeconomic costs. a) Transaction costs and stable environment One of the most obvious benefits is the resulting ease of transactions across the European Union. Countries are using one currency and as a matter of fact, the elimination of exchange rate fluctuation helped to eliminate transaction costs in intra-EU trade. Firms and business are both saving time and money. For example, an estimated $30 billion[1] a year is spent on foreign exchange transactions. The transactions involve the change from one currency to another but also from accounting systems. Additionally, joining the EMU eliminates the possibility of exchange-rate variation with the EMU zone. If exchange rates move irregularly and unsystematically in response to arbitrary speculation, exchange volatility imposes a macroeconomic cost (David Currie, 1997). Thus, its elimination represents a real advantage as it provides a more stable environment for trade within the euro zone by lowering risks and uncertainties as the economy is more flexible and resources more mobile. b) Monetary policy and the European Central Bank Despite affecting a fundamental aspect of a countrys sovereignty, member-states must abandon monetary policy. Additionally, members are deprived from revenue of seigniorage which is the net revenue derived from the issuing of currency. This loss mainly affects high-inflation rate countries such as Greece or Spain for example. Monetary policy is not anymore at the national level but depends on a supranational authority, the European Central Bank, headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. Established in 1998, the ECB is responsible for monetary policy covering the sixteen member States of the Euro zone. Granting monetary control to the ECB means that National governments are giving monetary policy instrument such as regulating exchange rate and interest rate, and this is likely to involve a cost. This cost will occur during recession or inflationary boom, when a country will be unable to raise or lower interest rates independently of other countries within the EMU. c) Fiscal power of member-states Joining EMU severely limits the fiscal power of member-states. While they maintain formal responsibility for fiscal policy, member-states will have to show fiscal rectitude to avoid penalty. Convergence criteria require countries to reduce their debt which produced a ‘squeeze effect (Gà ¤rtner, 1997) for countries with loose fiscal policy. Indeed, fiscal policy remains the only macro-economic tool that is available to governments. At the same time, the union has the power of coordination and surveillance, and the ability to recommend modifications of fiscal policy and to apply sanctions against governments that have no taken the recommended steps. d) A single currency and its effect on public support As we already mentioned earlier, a member-state joining the EMU will have to adopt a common currency: the euro. Despite the fact that the adoption of the euro will clearly affect the countrys sovereignty, some people ‘feel closer to other countries (European Commission, 2002) which can bring Europeans together and build a notion of European identity. Therefore, the adoption of a common currency can result in undermining a nations identity. Currencies such as the â€Å"Francs† or the â€Å"Deutsch Mark† have symbolized economic prosperity, especially due to the fact that people trusted them. Moreover, the â€Å"Franc† was the French national currency since 1795 and has remained for two hundred and four years. The Deutsch Mark had the reputation as one of the worlds most stable currencies. For a country like France or Germany, the change of their currencies was a memorable step. Moreover, an obvious economic consequence is the impact on the purchasing power. For example, in France the switch from â€Å"Francs† to the â€Å"Euros† had a major effect on the French purchasing power. Twenty euro is the equivalent of approximately a 120Francs and this was perceived as a large amount of money in terms of purchasing power before the introduction of the new currency. While the adoption of the euro was meant to bring stability over the long-term, a study has been conducted showing that price rises were evident in the service sector such as restaurants, cafà ©s, hairdressers and recreational and sporting services. (Eurostat, 2003) Nevertheless, French consumers have noticed a change in the cost of living. Additionally, adopting a new currency is not always the easiest thing to do. e) Effects on firms and businesses Another benefit is the increase in attractive opportunities for foreign investors and these effects are unevenly spread across firms and businesses. Thus, larger firms will benefit more from EMU. For example, strong domestic enterprises will benefit from a greater degree of internationalisation of their markets. It will be especially helpful to small and medium sized enterprises which may not be able to reap sizeable economies of scale. Nevertheless, firms and businesses will be the first to experience the negative effects from joining the EMU. For example, travel agents and banks that are losing commission on currency exchanges and European currency traders will no longer be able to exert this business. Moreover, the single currency may lead to the â€Å"Europeanising† (Brown, B.2004, pp. 57-60.) of labour markets within the EMU zone. Consequently, it would be much easier to compare wages across the zone, especially in sectors where trade unions wield bargaining power. This w ill lead to an increase of wages and could engender major problem to companies outsourcing in low wages countries such as in Eastern Europe. The single currency will remove just the elements of labour-market flexibility. f) Price transparency and price convergence Nevertheless, joining the EMU will foster competition as there is greater price transparency across countries. Indeed, a single currency makes easier to show how prices differ between countries. It has been found that â€Å"the prices of goods differ considerably in different countries and continents due to the differences in currency.† (McCallum, 1995, pp24-25) As an example, before EMU, a customer living in France was able to buy a high value-added car cheaper when going in Germany. Hence, this leads to lower prices in the short to medium run because consumers can buy from the cheapest source and thus, drive prices down as companies are running under pressure. Indeed, â€Å"The formation of the euro zone and the SM of almost 300 million consumers will inevitably sharpen competitive pressures throughout Europe†. (Spanos et Al., Greek, pp.638) The subsequent enhancement of competition will increase economic efficiency and should cause price convergence. (Spanos et Al., Greek, pp.639) Consequently, the EMU provides information to its members and thus, enables them to make wiser decisions. g) â€Å"One fit all† policy problem: Moreover, other problems of joining the European Economic and Monetary Union will occur in the medium to long term. Indeed, the concern is that whether the states are sufficiently similar for them to co-exist with a common currency. For example, not all states are at the same stage of the trade cycle which represents a periodic fluctuation in the rate of economic activity as measured by levels of prices, production and employment. As an example, the UK is the worlds fourth largest economy and the second largest in the EU. The City of London represents Europes major European financial centre. The case of the UK has specific arguments: the UK has a lower level of intra-EU trade, one of the highest percentages of home owners and is affected differently by oil price movements due to different arrangements. It is then weaker and more vulnerable to external shocks which are unexpected shocks that do not affect every nation equally. (D. Johnson, C. Turner, 2nd edition, p180-183) Hence, if t he UK joins the euro, they will have to increase their exchange risks because the euro is turning around the dollar. The pound for example is neutral compared to the dollar and the euro. Consequently, the inappropriateness of one monetary policy for so many states is a major cost of joining the EMU. The case against the UKs entry in EMU depends also on other factors such as the recession the country is undergoing and the influence of the United-States. Benefits outweigh the costs? The case of Greece is a good example to show how benefits can outweigh the costs. Indeed, Greece has recently entered the EMU and thus, represents a good example for a number of candidates. Hence, it is an example of an economy in transition that has made a lot of progress in order to fulfil the macroeconomic convergence. A study of Greek firms has been conducted by Spanos (Business strategy analyst at Athens University) which helps to understand how firms react when entering the EMU and found that leading Greek firms â€Å"appear fully aware of the dramatic changes they will have to address in the near futureIn line with recent empirical evidence, the findings presented here are encouraging in that they suggest a strong learning effect that has presumably led Greek management towards convergence.† (Spanos et Al, pp.646) We understand that both EU membership and the panorama of competing in the EMU have acted as major catalysts. In short, the EMU has contributed toward the dev elopment of western-type of management style. Additionally, Greek firms have new challenges to overcome and this requires new competitive strategies, organizational structures, and management processes. Consequently, Greek firms strategy has shifted toward offer better quality products and services, and a tighter cost control. Trade theories are examples of why benefits outweigh costs. (Aiginger, K. et al, 1999, pp.3) The traditional theory was described by Ricardo in 1817; a country can achieve a â€Å"comparative advantage† resulting from differences in productivity or endowments between countries and regions. Consequently, trade liberalization and economic integration will result in production re-location and increasing specialization according to comparative advantages. Additionally, Mundell (1961) McKinnon (1963) and Kenen (1969) identified the reasons why a country should or should not enter a monetary union. If for every member-state benefits outweigh costs then the currency area is optimal. An â€Å"optimum currency area† (OCA) considers the premise that â€Å"when an external shock hits the economy, it is easier to adjust the exchange rate rather than domestic prices or wages.† (A. Belke and D. Gros, (1997). pp. 3/50) Indeed, this approach assesses what a country loses by giving up the exchange rate as an adjustment instrument. Conclusions To conclude, according to Martin Feldstein, EMU is seen by France as an opportunity to be a â€Å"co-manager† of Europe as an equal of Germany. Furthermore, it has been assumed that economic integration among the European countries will lead to convergence while reducing asymmetric shocks. However, classical theories assess that integration results in more specialization due to comparative advantage. Hence, core economies (France and Germany) may benefit at the expense of less efficient economies such as Eastern member-states. Furthermore, with a Single Market, firms will have to expand in size in order to compete. Such large firms are mostly located in core economies of the EU. However, Greece case study showed that EMU has contributed to the development of firms by offering higher quality products and services. We can then conclude that if a country joins EMU, benefits will clearly outweigh costs. References: Aiginger, K. et al. ‘Specialisation and (geographic) concentration of European Manufacturing, Enterprise DG Working Paper No 1, Background Paper for the ‘The Competitiveness of European industry: 1999 Report, Brussels. Ardy, B., Begg, I., Hodson, D., Mahe, I. and Mayes, D. (Eds) (2005) Adjustment to EMU: One Europe or Several? Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan Backà ©, P., Thimann, C., Arratibel, O., Calvo-Gonzalez, O., Mehl A. and Nehrlich, C. (2004) ‘The Acceding Countries Strategies towards ERM II and the Adoption of the Euro: An Analytical Review, ECB Occasional Paper Series, n °10. Frankfurt: European Central Bankn http://www.ecb.int/pub/ Brown, B. (2004) ‘Existing EMU, the International Economy, 18 (2), pp. 57-60. C. Allsopp M. Artis, â€Å"The Assessment: EMU, Four Years On,† Oxford Review of Economic Policy 19 Cambridge University Press, Bernhard Winkler. â€Å"Towards a Strategic View on EMU: A Critical Survey.† Towards a Strategic View on EMU: A Critical Survey Jan.-Apr 16.1 (1996): 1-26. Print. Commission of the European Communities (2004) ‘EMU after Five Years, European Economy, Special Report, and Number 1/2004, http://europa.eu.int/comm/economy_finance/publications/european_economy/2004/eesp104en.pdf Chang, M. 2009. Monetary integration in the European Union. Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan. David Currie, The Pros and Cons of EMU by, the economist intelligence Unit, January 20, 1997 De Grauwe, P. (2002) ‘Challenges for Monetary Policy in Euroland, Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (4), pp. 693-718 Dinan, D. 2005. Ever closer union: an introduction to European integration (3rd ed.). Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner. Chapter 15 European Central Bank (2008) Statistical data Warehouse, http://www.ecb.int/stats/prices/hicp/html Gà ¤rtner, M. (1997) ‘Who wants the euro-and why? Economic explanations of public attitudes towards a single European currency, Public Choice 93 (3-4): 487-510 Greek Firms and EMU: Contrasting SMEs and Large-Sized Enterprises, Spanos et al. 2001, European Management Journal, Vol. 19, No. 6, pp. 638-648. (Available electronically) Johnson and Turner, 2006, Economic and Monetary Union Chapter 15 Dinan, 2005, Economic and Monetary Union Dr Rachel Doern, Royal Holloway University of London, Lecture n °5: Economic and Monetary Union, 2009 Panos.C. Afxientiou (1998), Convergence, the Maastricht Criteria, and Their Benefits, Philip R.Lane. â€Å"The Real Effects of European Monetary Union.† The Real Effects of European Monetary Union 20.4 (fall, 2006): 47-66. Print. Susan A. Banducci, Jeffrey A.Karp and Peter H.Loedel. â€Å"Journal of European Public Policy.† Economic interests and public support for the euro(June 2009): 564-81. Print. Thomas D. Willett.Some Political Economy Aspects of EMU. Elsevier Science Inc, 2000. Print. Kathryn M.E. Dominguez, The Journal of Economic Perspectives â€Å"The European Central Bank, the Euro, and Global Financial Markets.† The European Central Bank, the Euro, and Global Financial Markets Fall 20.4 (2006): 67-88. Print. Werner Bonefeld, Economic and Political Weekly. â€Å"Politics of European Monetary Union: Class, Ideology and Critique.† Politics of European Monetary Union: Class, Ideology and Critique 33.35 (1998): 55-69. Print. http://www.unc.edu/depts/europe/conferences/eu/Pages/emu8.htm http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmpubacc/541/54107.htm

Robber Barons Essay -- essays research papers

The Robber Barons, as they were called, were the kings of American Industry and American Society during the late 1800's and early 1900's. Rich beyond the average man's wildest dreams, these industrialists were often criticized for their philosophies and their ways of making money. Robber Barons can also be viewed as immoral, greedy, and corrupt, and the evidence to support such a view is not difficult to find. Bribery, illegal business practices, and cruelty to workers were not uncommon in this period, and many of the most respected industrialists were also the most feared and hated. Many people consider Rockefeller a robber of industry because of his forcible ways of gaining his monopolies. Rockefeller was fond of buying out small and large competitors. If the competitors refused to sell they often found Rockefeller cutting the prices of his Standard Oil or in the worst cases, their factories mysteriously blowing up. Rockefeller was obsessed with controlling the oil market and used many of undesirable tactics to flush his competitors out of the market. Rockefeller was also a master of the rebate game. He was one of the most dominant controllers of the railroads. He was so good at the rebate that at some times he skillfully commanded the rail road to pay rebates to his standard oil company on the traffic of other competitors. He was able to do this because his oil traffic was so high that he could make or break a section of a railroad a railroad company by simply not running...

Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games

Moral Dilemma: Army Recruitment and Video Games While watching the documentary â€Å"Digital Nation,† produced by Rachel Dretzin, I became interested by a section titled â€Å"The Army Experience Center. † The documentary shows clips of teenagers as young as thirteen playing violent videos games in an arcade run by the Army. The whole goal is to arouse these teenagers’ interest so they enlist. Having strong negative feelings towards war and teenage recruitment to begin with, I decided to research this subject further.Let me take you through my thought process while I struggle with the question; Is the Army Experience Center’s (AEC) use of war video games a moral way to recruit teenagers? My first source, a radio program titled â€Å"War Games Lure for ‘Real Thing† laid the background. Host Jacki Lyden explains how the AEC had closed on July 30, 2010 after being in a Philadelphia shopping mall. It was only open for two years in order to â€Å" determine the most effective tools for public outreach† (Army).The center’s spokesman, Captain John Kirchgessner, said the center was successful and had been a â€Å"better way to share our Army story than to simply smile and dial and ask somebody if they thought about joining lately† (War). Brian Lepley adds to this by saying, â€Å"We have got to reach them the way that they entertain themselves† (Joel). I found these statements to be true. After all, before building the AEC, the Army had shut down five recruiting offices nearby. With half the staff, the Army was able to recruit the same amount of people and still save money (War).This saving of money was good business practices and even benefits tax payers. My perception of the AEC was already looking better. Though Kirshgessner is confident that these recruits were aware of the difference between war and videogame, Staff Sergeant Jesse Hamilton has a different perspective. He worries that the use of vi deo games as a recruitment tool takes away from the reality of war. He goes on to say, â€Å"People screaming, blood, flies, horrible smells – the list goes on and on. And they’ve taken all of that out, and what they’ve effectively left is the portion which they consider to be the fun part† (War).Reading this statement reminded me of why I felt ashamed of the AEC to begin with. It gives kids, who don’t know any better, a false idea of all the different aspects of war. I found myself back to my initial, negative perception of the AEC. At this point, I knew I needed more first-hand information about the AEC. Keeping with radio programs, I stumbled across one hosted by Rebecca Roberts who goes into more detail about the center as she takes a tour. She describes it as â€Å"slick and gadget-heavy as an Apple store† (Army).There are two simulators: a Humvee and two Blackhawk helicopter, a career navigator, a global-base locator, and rows of Xbox game counsels. Everything is free, as long as you are thirteen or older. It seems so innocent, like a teenage boy’s dream come true. While thinking more about the nature of boys, I reminded myself that boys have been known through all generations to play war games. Weather it is Cowboys and Indians, Battleship, or the latest video game. It’s in their nature. The more I thought about violent video games, the more I accepted it as a modern day childhood game.Maybe the AEC is more innocent then I thought. Yet, even with an acceptance of violent videos games, I still had not applied that to the Army’s use of video games to persuade teenagers into war. Roberts mentions that some have criticized the AEC â€Å"for bait-and-switch tactics, masquerading as an arcade when it’s really an Army recruiting station† (Army). The Army calling itself an arcade when it’s really a recruitment center brings a whole new problem to the subject. The Army is not all owed to recruit teenagers who are underage.This makes the Army look untruthful. Though the AEC isn’t called a recruitment center, it is. They shut down those five nearby recruitment centers because they planned to recruit teenagers, instead, at the AEC. Staff denies that the AEC is a recruitment center, but then turn around and boast about how many kids they have recruited (War). Bill Deckhart describes it as, â€Å"The Army people would talk about it and say, ‘Oh it's not a recruiting center,’ [and] at the end of their statement, they would talk about how recruiting was doing.To me, it was very dishonest† (Joel). The dishonesty of the Army became my major turnoff. After all, if the Army was not doing anything wrong then why would they have to lie? In â€Å"Playing War,† Ian Graham and Ronald Shaw argue for a more innocent view of war video games. Their term ‘transitional space’ (790) for video games suggests that they are used to help ready soldiers and recruit new ones (796). Video games, in Graham and Shaw’s minds, are purely tools to help soldiers experience war and help civilians understand it.The Army Experience Center’s use of video games is not a new concept in American Army history. In fact, the Army’s use of digital media dates all the back to the 1970s and from 1996 when the video game Doom II: Hell on Earth came out for training purposes (794). I asked myself, â€Å"Why was there so much controversy over the AEC when the Army has been using video games for years? † Perhaps it has something to do with all the negative science floating around out, claiming violent video games have disastrous effects on young minds. I decided to research this further in my forth source.In the presence of so many studies about the correlation between video games and violent behavior, Author Christopher Ferguson begs to differ. He claims that â€Å"measures used in video game studies claiming to represent ‘aggression’ in fact don’t correlate will with actual real-life aggressive acts or violent behaviors† (79). This is clear and can be proven by the fact that the number of violent crimes from youth and adults have decreased while video game sales have risen (Ulanoff). Being intrigued by this new idea that violent video games are safe for society, I ventured on with my research.Lance Ulanoff has a son who loves video games, especially violent ones. He has seen no difference in his son’s behavior since he has started playing video games and trusts that his son knows fact from fiction. When talking about today’s youth, Ulanoff says, â€Å"when they turn off those games, they go back to being the same teen they were before they turned it on† (Ulanoff). In his writing, Ulanoff stresses that parents should be responsible over what their kids do. This made me realize something so basic about the fight against the AEC. If parents donà ¢â‚¬â„¢t like it, then they have the right to tell their kids not to go.If parents are concerned their kid is too naive about the dangers of war, they can educate their kids. If a child enlists in the Army because they developed a false sense of war from playing video games at the AEC, whose fault is that? At this point of my research, I now believed that this is the parent’s responsibility, not the Army’s. In the article titled â€Å"I Wish I were a Warrior,† authors Konijam, Bijvank, and Bushman state that video games are harmful to adolescence boy minds. They are too influential to have role models who â€Å"show no remorse for their aggressive actions, and are rarely punished for behaving aggressively† (Konijam).The authors, also, relates lower education with vulnerability, which made me come to my own explanation as to why there are disproportionately more African Americans in the Army. In many ways, this article is true. We should be mindful of the effects that violent media has on us. Maybe we won’t go out killing people, but we are becoming less sensitive of the horrors of war because of it. A life is too precious to take a chance. While on the subject of desensitization, I came across an article published in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. The issue of war video games and desensitization took a spin.The authors admit that video games blur the lines between reality and fiction, and that this can be bad for children civilians. Yet, while reading, I realized not all desensitization was bad. The article points out that just as medical students need to be desensitized from blood, so do soldiers when it comes to killing and facing tragedy (Carnagey 490). The video games are the bridge between civilian and soldier life and troops benefit from that slow transition into war that video games provide. After reading this article, I had a completely new perspective on what desensitization is.Yet, this article conti nues to say that desensitization, while good for people planning to go into war, isn’t good for the regular, thirteen year old civilian. Though this article had valid points, the average kid visiting the AEC wouldn’t benefit from desensitization. With my views about the AEC going back and forth between good and bad, I continued to research on. I came to the article â€Å"Conflict of Interest,† written by Lev Grossman and Evan Narcisse. The article describes our nation’s high demand for video games. It, also, describes the realness so many of today’s games have.Talk about video game’s strong influence on our society had me thinking. We have seen people try to reenact graphic movies such as the â€Å"Dark Knight† movie theater shooting in Colorado, but we have never seen such reenactments based off of video games. If video games are so influential and detrimental, there are no facts to proof it. I began to think that the AEC’s us e of video games wasn’t really that big of a deal. As I read on, I found a quote by Hirshberg that reads, â€Å"I think there will be a time when we look back and find it quaint that video games were so controversial† (Grossman).By this time in my research, this quote summed up my thinking, though I still was uncertain about where I stood on the issue of the AEC. My last source was an interview with a World War II veteran, Rudy White. The moment I mentioned video games with recruitment he shook his head and said â€Å"no† (White). White reiterated my very first thoughts about how videogames the AEC desensitized people and put falsehoods into the realities of war. He said there are no consequences to face in games, while real war is filled with consequences. White gives an example that a man killed is a son, a brother, and father, and a friend who is now dead forever.There is no reset button in real life (White). After hearing White, I felt that all the research I did trying to justify the AEC was almost useless. I realized that it was better to trust my instincts that said war video games have their place in society, but not in Army recruitment. Through all my research, I have had a lot of mixed feelings. My initial thinking was that the AEC’s use of video games as a recruitment tool was destructive. It was a dishonest tools used by the Army that gives a false idea about war. It, also, desensitizes kids to the horrors and consequences of war.Yet through my research, I have seen valid counter argument to my own thinking. Some of these arguments are really quite simple, like the Army is just trying to connect with what kids like to do. Others are that the AEC gives people a more well-rounded idea of the Army than if they were playing the same video games alone in their rooms. Through it all, my final perception of the AEC came after talking to veteran Rudy White. I realized that there are many good things about the AEC, but the negati ves outweigh them all. War is too serious to be a game and thirteen is too young to recruit.The AEC and its use of violent video games is not a moral way to recruit teens to the Army. Works Cited â€Å"Army Complex – Arcade Or Recruiting Center? † Weekend All Things Considered 17 Jan. 2009. Gale Opposing Viewpoints In Context. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Carnagey, Nicholas L. , Craig A. Anderson, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"The Effects of Video Games Violence on Physiological Desensitization on Real-Life Violence. † Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43. 3 (2006): 489-496. Print. Ferguson, Christopher J. â€Å"Blazing Angels Or Resident Evil? Can Violent Video Games Be A Force For Good?. † Review Of General Psychology 14. (2010): 68-81. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Graham, Ian, and Ronald Shaw. â€Å"Playing War. † Social and Cultural Geography 11. 8 (2010): 789, 803. Print. Grossman, Lev, and Evan Narcisse. â€Å"Conflict Of Interest. † Ti me 178. 17 (2011): 70-75. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Joel, R. (2012). The Army Experience Center. On Marketplace [Record]. Philadelphia: American Public Media Konijn, Elly A. , Marije Nije Bijvank, and Brad J. Bushman. â€Å"I Wish I Were A Warrior: The Role Of Wishful Identification In The Effects Of Violent Video Games On Aggression In Adolescent Boys. Developmental Psychology 43. 4 (2007): 1038-1044. PsycARTICLES. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Swanson, David. â€Å"The Army Experience Center's Bad Experience: Turns Out Training Kids To Kill Not Popular With Public. † Humanist 69. 6 (2009): 5. MasterFILE Premier. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. Ulanoff, Lance. â€Å"Violent Video Games: Our Responsibility, Not The Courts. † PC Magazine 29. 12 (2010): 1. Academic Search Complete. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. â€Å"War Games Lure Recruits For ‘Real Thing’† Weekend Edition 31, Jul. 2010. Web. 16 Oct. 2012. White, Rudy. Personal interview. 31 Oct. 2012.